Kuala Lumpur Climate Action Plan Implementation Analytics: Programme Effectiveness, Co-Benefits, and Equity

The accelerating impacts of climate change in tropical megacities necessitate robust evaluation mechanisms to ensure that urban climate policies deliver measurable, inclusive, and sustainable outcomes. This study proposes a comprehensive implementation analytics framework for the Kuala Lumpur Climate Action Plan (KLCAP) in Kuala Lumpur, focusing on programme effectiveness, socio-environmental co-benefits, and distributive equity. The framework integrates greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, building energy performance data, public transport usage statistics, urban heat island mapping, flood vulnerability indices, and socio-demographic datasets within a multi-criteria evaluation architecture. Key performance indicators (KPIs) are structured across three domains: (i) mitigation effectiveness (carbon intensity reduction, renewable penetration, energy efficiency gains), (ii) adaptation performance (flood risk reduction, thermal comfort improvement, infrastructure resilience), and (iii) socio-economic co-benefits (public health enhancement, green employment generation, mobility accessibility, and air quality improvements). A spatially weighted Urban Climate Equity Index (UCEI) is introduced to assess whether climate investments equitably benefit low-income and climate-vulnerable communities. Scenario-based modelling compares baseline implementation pathways with equity-optimised resource allocation strategies. Results indicate that embedding equity metrics into programme prioritisation enhances cumulative social welfare benefits while maintaining carbon reduction trajectories. The proposed analytics model provides city planners and policymakers with a transparent, data-driven decision-support system to strengthen accountability, optimise resource allocation, and advance a just and resilient urban transition.