Emerging Chemical Exposure Risks in Afghanistan: The Role of INGOs in Health Protection and Environmental Education

Introduction:
Afghanistan faces increasing exposure to emerging chemical hazards due to uncontrolled industrial activities, excessive pesticide use, improper waste disposal, and weak environmental regulation. These risks disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. In the absence of effective national monitoring systems, International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) play a critical role in health protection and environmental education.

Methods:
This study uses a desk-based design combining qualitative review with descriptive quantitative analysis of secondary data from INGO reports, international organizations, and peer-reviewed literature. Documents (n = XX) were systematically analyzed to identify sources of chemical exposure and categorize intervention types. Frequencies and percentages were calculated to compare the contributions of INGOs and national regulatory authorities across key areas, including service delivery, environmental health education, and risk communication.

Results and Discussion:
Findings indicate that INGOs lead the majority of interventions related to chemical risk mitigation, accounting for a higher proportion of health service delivery and community-based education activities than national authorities. INGOs were particularly active in awareness campaigns, pesticide safety training, and household exposure reduction. In contrast, national regulatory bodies demonstrated limited involvement across most categories. Overall, interventions were associated with improved community awareness and adoption of preventive practices; however, their impact is constrained by insecurity, limited resources, and restricted access to affected regions.

Conclusion:
INGOs play a dominant role in addressing emerging chemical exposure risks in Afghanistan, while national institutional capacity remains limited. Strengthening government engagement, enhancing coordination, and integrating chemical risk management into national public health strategies are essential for sustainable and long-term health protection.