Operational Risk Governance in LNG Bunkering: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis of Commissioning Practices

This study presents a cross-comparative analysis of LNG bunkering operations performed in Romania, Spain, and Canada during the commissioning phase of a dual-fuel Ro-Ro vessel. The investigation examines operational sequences, safety management frameworks, and environmental safeguards implemented in three distinct maritime settings: Damen Shipyard in 2 Mai (Romania), the Port of Cartagena (Spain), and the Port of Tilbury in Vancouver (Canada). Particular attention is directed toward variations in tank cooldown strategies, LNG transfer configurations, and applied risk-control measures.

In the Romanian case, a phased thermal conditioning procedure was implemented using vaporized and liquid nitrogen to gradually reduce system temperature prior to LNG introduction. Transfer was conducted through pressure differential, emphasizing equipment preservation and procedural compliance. The Spanish operation relied on established terminal infrastructure and truck-based pumping systems, coordinated closely by the vessel’s engineering personnel within a structured port environment. By contrast, the Canadian bunkering process, executed after vessel delivery under client supervision, involved direct LNG transfer without progressive cooldown, raising concerns regarding potential thermal loading effects on critical components, including the tank loading valve.

The comparative evaluation identifies procedural strengths and operational vulnerabilities across the three contexts. The findings underline the necessity for harmonized commissioning standards and clearly defined cooldown protocols, particularly in regions lacking mature LNG bunkering infrastructure. Overall, the analysis contributes to the development of safer, standardized approaches for LNG adoption in maritime transport and supports ongoing efforts to enhance regulatory coherence and environmental responsibility in emerging LNG markets.