Offshore Renewable Energy Infrastructure Under Climate Change: A Review of Structural Reliability, Climate Impacts, and Energy Security

This paper presents a systematic analysis of the impact of climate change on offshore renewable energy (ORE) infrastructure, focusing on the interaction between climatic stress factors and structural reliability. Following a systematic search, numerous scientific studies were selected and analysed based on predefined inclusion criteria related to climatic loads; the results included in various studies were analysed in relation to probabilistic assessment methods and offshore structural performance. This study tracks technological evolution from the first offshore wind farms to modern hybrid systems that combine wind, solar, and energy storage. The results highlight the central role of probabilistic methods in assessing structural safety under extreme weather conditions, showing that traditional deterministic approaches must be complemented with advanced statistical models for risk estimation. The review also highlights the contribution of offshore renewable energy to global energy security by diversifying sources and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. By integrating technological advances with rigorous reliability analyses, this study provides clear directions for designing sustainable, resilient, and climate-adapted offshore infrastructure.