Corrosion Behavior of ASTM A36 Steel in Antarctic Marine and Glacier Waters: An Electrochemical and Gravimetric Study

Introduction:
Corrosion behavior of structural steels in extreme environments remains insufficiently understood, particularly in Antarctic conditions where low temperatures, variable salinity, and high oxygen solubility may significantly influence degradation mechanisms. This study investigates the in situ corrosion performance of ASTM A36 steel in Antarctic marine and glacier waters to provide insight into material durability in polar environments.

Methods:
Electrochemical characterization was conducted using techniques such as open-circuit potential, linear-sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in both Antarctic seawater and glacier water. Complementary gravimetric analysis was performed using weight-loss measurements during controlled exposure periods. Surface and microstructural characterization of the corroded samples was carried out using scanning electron microscopy after the specimens were transported from Antarctica to the laboratory.

Results:
Electrochemical results revealed distinct corrosion behaviors between the two environments, with active corrosion activity observed in marine water, attributed to increased ionic conductivity and chloride content. Glacier water exhibited important electrochemical activity, and general corrosion attack was detected. Gravimetric measurements were consistent with electrochemical findings, confirming mass loss in glacier and marine waters. SEM analysis revealed the formation of heterogeneous corrosion products and localized degradation features, which correlate with the electrochemical data.

Conclusions:
The combined electrochemical and gravimetric approach demonstrates that Antarctic environmental conditions significantly affect corrosion mechanisms of ASTM A36 steel. Marine exposure accelerates corrosion due to salinity, while glacier water promotes measurable degradation and the formation of corrosion products across the surfaces. These findings contribute to understanding material performance in polar regions and support the design of more durable infrastructure for extreme environments.