Food waste valorization: a strategic decision-making framework

Food waste (FW) reduction emerges as a global priority and is a key focus area for COP31, since efficient management of organic waste can directly contribute to reducing methane emissions and mitigating global climate change. This study employs an integrated Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach to evaluate FW valorization pathways, including anaerobic digestion, biofuel production, composting, and reuse for direct human or animal consumption. To accomplish this, a comparative framework using the FITradeoff method was established by synthesizing economic, environmental, social, and technical criteria. Based on stakeholder interviews, a weight is assigned to each criterion and a trade-off between every two criteria. This framework operates through an interactive Decision Support System (DSS) to minimize cognitive effort for decision-makers. Preliminary findings indicate key trade-offs among the alternatives. The option to reuse food waste for human consumption offers lower greenhouse gas emissions and high social impact; on the other hand, its viability is highly influenced by operational efficiencies, such as specialized handling and rapid distribution cycles. By evaluating diverse pathways, the research provides an evidence-based comparison of viable, balanced strategies focused on long-term public value. Furthermore, the model is highly adaptable and supports replication with varying numbers of valorization alternatives and criteria. Ultimately, the success of implementing eco-conscious initiatives necessitates active, cross-sectoral collaboration between governments, industries, and local communities within the decision-making process and supply chain management.