Environmental Impacts of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Food Packaging Using Life Cycle Assessment Tools

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is widely used in food packaging due to its lightweight, thermal insulation, and protective properties. However, its reliance on fossil‑based raw materials and poor end‑of‑life recyclability raise significant sustainability concerns. This study applies ISO 14040/44‑compliant Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, using OpenLCA software, to evaluate the cradle‑to‑grave environmental impacts of EPS food containers. The functional unit was defined as one 10‑gram EPS container, with system boundaries covering raw material extraction, production, transportation, use, and disposal.

Results show that raw material extraction and EPS production are the largest contributors to global warming potential (≈2.6 kg CO₂‑eq per container) and energy demand (≈220 MJ). Transportation impacts are relatively minor due to EPS’s low density. End‑of‑life analysis highlights critical challenges: ~70% of EPS is landfilled, where it persists for decades; ~20% is incinerated, recovering energy but releasing ~1.2 kg CO₂‑eq/kg; and only ~10% is recycled, hindered by contamination and high logistics costs. Comparative impact categories reveal minimal water use and eutrophication potential, but significant marine ecotoxicity due to persistent plastic residues.

The findings underscore the urgent need for improved recycling infrastructure, legislative measures to limit non‑recyclable plastics, and adoption of biodegradable alternatives. Consumer education and policy incentives are recommended to accelerate sustainable packaging transitions. This study demonstrates the value of LCA in guiding packaging design and policy, offering actionable insights for industry stakeholders and policymakers working toward circular economy goals.