One Health Perspective on Antibiotic Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from Livestock in Batna, Algeria

The resistance of Enterobacteriaceae to antibiotics is changing worldwide, their emergence and dissemination are due to their ability to adapt, which is manifested by their ability to appropriate new properties. The purpose of this contribution was to study the resistance of Enterobacteriaceae and their ability to produce biofilm, the strains were isolated from different farms spread over four municipalities (Ras El Aïoun, Boumia, Hamla) of the wilaya of Batna, and a farm located in Aïn Azel (Sétif).Bacteria were isolated using MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime at a concentration of 2 µg/mL in order to selectively recover third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The isolated strains were subsequently identified using the API 20E biochemical identification system and confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar, in accordance with the recommendations of the French Society of Microbiology (CA-SFM). A total of 29 strains were isolated and MALDI-TOF identified, their distribution was as follows: 4 Citrobacter freundii, 4 Enterobacter sakazaki, 3 Escherichia coli, 3 Enterobacter cloacae, 3 Kluyvera spp., 3 Proteus penerie, 2 Proteus mirabilis, 1 Ponteoa spp. ,1 Pasteurilla sp., 1 Enterobacter amnigenus, 1 Enterobacter cancrogenus, 1 Citrobacter koseri, 1 Yersinia enterolitica. The β-lactam susceptibility test showed high resistance rates to cefotaxime (100%), cefazolin (100%), cefoxitin (89.28%), ampicillin (75%), ertapenem (64.28%), amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (64.28%), imipenem (60.71%), ticarcillin (53.57%), cefepime (39.28%). Also, rates of resistance to aminoglycosides (50%) and fluoroquinolones (50%) have been observed. Towards, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole, colistin, chloramphenicol, the resistances were respectively (28.57%), (78.57%), and (32.14%). The trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole combination was the most active on these strains. Biofilm production revealed that 15 Enterobacteriaceae were biofilm producers, 8 variable strains and 5 non-producers.