Ecotoxicological assessment of the impacts of textile material leachates on the aquatic environment using Protoxkit F

The textile industry is a major contributor to environmental pollution due to high water consumption and the use of complex chemical substances. During processing, compounds such as dyes, resins, and formaldehyde are applied, posing risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Synthetic textiles may additionally release toxic monomers and hazardous finishing agents, highlighting the need for systematic monitoring of their chemical burden. This research aims to assess the ecological and environmental risks associated with textile leachates. The study examines both natural and synthetic textiles in new and used states. Water leachates are prepared under controlled conditions, considering different temperatures and contact times. Ecotoxicity is evaluated using the Protoxkit F microbiotest, which measures 24-hour growth inhibition of the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. To ensure a comprehensive assessment, biological results are complemented by physico-chemical analyses, including pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and formaldehyde concentrations determined according to relevant ISO standards. The results provide a comparative evaluation of toxic potential across textile types. Statistical analysis identifies the most hazardous materials and the conditions (e.g., temperature) that enhance pollutant release. A correlation is observed between chemical parameters, particularly formaldehyde levels, and reduced protozoan population growth. This study contributes to identifying high-risk textile materials and supports the development of eco-friendly manufacturing practices and stricter regulation of hazardous substances. By integrating biological and chemical monitoring, the research aligns with the One Health approach, emphasizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, and the importance of protecting aquatic ecosystems.

This research was funded by the Internal Project Agency of the Technical University in Zvolen (IPA TUZVO) under the project “Assessment of environmental impacts of textile materials on the aquatic environment using microbiotests” (Project No. 13/2026).