Porphyromonas gingivalis and Atherosclerosis: Exploring the Pathogenic Link

Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease underlying major cardiovascular events. Increasing evidence suggests that periodontal pathogens, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis, may contribute to its development. This study aims to explore the relationship between P. gingivalis infection and atherosclerosis, focusing on underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance.

Methods

A structured literature search was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline (BVS full collection), and LILACS. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, including experimental, clinical, and observational research evaluating the association between P. gingivalis and atherosclerosis. Data regarding pathogenic mechanisms, inflammatory pathways, and clinical correlations were extracted and synthesized qualitatively.

Results

Evidence indicates that P. gingivalis contributes to atherogenesis through multiple mechanisms. These include endothelial dysfunction, increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and promotion of lipid accumulation within vascular walls. The bacterium has been detected within atherosclerotic plaques, supporting its role in disease progression. Experimental studies demonstrate its ability to invade endothelial cells and modulate immune responses, while clinical studies report associations between periodontitis severity and cardiovascular risk markers.

Conclusions

The findings support a significant association between P. gingivalis infection and the development of atherosclerosis. The pathogen appears to contribute both directly and indirectly to vascular inflammation and plaque formation. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to clarify causality and assess whether periodontal treatment may reduce cardiovascular risk.