Oral health among Albanian children and adolescents: Factors influencing oral hygiene and oral health outcomes

Background: Oral health is an essential part of children’s and adolescents’ general health and quality of life. Despite advances in preventive dentistry, oral diseases such as dental caries remain highly prevalent. These conditions may lead to pain, infection, difficulties in eating and speaking, and reduced quality of life. Oral hygiene practices, dietary habits, parental supervision, socioeconomic status, and access to dental care are key determinants of oral health outcomes.

Aim: This study aims to explore factors influencing oral hygiene behaviors and oral health outcomes among Albanian children and adolescents and to identify key determinants associated with oral health status.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children and adolescents from different regions of Albania. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire completed by participants and, where appropriate, their parents or guardians. The questionnaire assessed oral hygiene practices, toothbrushing frequency, dietary habits, sugar consumption, frequency of dental visits, and parental involvement in oral care. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed to examine associations between variables.

Results: The findings showed that most participants reported regular toothbrushing; however, differences were observed in the quality of oral hygiene practices. Poor oral health outcomes were associated with frequent consumption of sugary foods and drinks, inadequate brushing habits, and irregular dental visits. Limited parental supervision further contributed to poorer oral health status. Regular dental attendance and consistent oral hygiene practices were associated with better outcomes. Age, parental education, and access to dental services were significant influencing factors.

Conclusions: Oral health behaviors and outcomes among Albanian children and adolescents are influenced by behavioral and socioeconomic factors. Strengthening oral health education and promoting preventive practices are essential for improving oral health in this population.