Assessment of Nutritional Status and Functional Dependency among Elders in Rural Villages of South India

Background: Malnutrition and functional dependency are major public health concerns among older adults that contribute to poor health outcomes and reduced quality of life. Nutritional decline may occur before significant functional impairment, making its early identification essential. This study assessed the nutritional status and functional dependency of older adults residing in rural villages in South India.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 295 adults aged ≥60 years from three rural villages in Gadag Taluk, Karnataka. Participants were selected using proportionate and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. Functional status was assessed using the Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scales. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to determine the association between nutritional status and functional dependency.

Results: Most participants were independent in basic ADL, although mild-to-moderate impairment was observed, mainly in bathing and transferring. Independence in IADL was high for shopping, cooking, transportation, medication management, and financial activities, whereas dependence was greater for telephone use. A significant association was observed between nutritional status and age (p<0.05), with a higher prevalence of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition among adults aged 60–69. Despite this, most individuals in this age group remain functionally independent, suggesting that nutritional deterioration may precede functional decline. Malnourished participants demonstrated higher dependency than those with normal nutritional status.

Conclusions: Most rural older adults, especially the younger elderly, maintained functional independence despite malnutrition or its risks. These findings suggest that nutritional impairment may precede functional limitations. Screening, early intervention, and community-based geriatric care are essential for preserving independence and promoting healthy aging.