Psychological well-being in Ecuadorian older adults: a systematic review of associated factors and interventions

This systematic literature review provides a critical synthesis of the evidence regarding factors associated with psychological well-being and the effectiveness of interventions among older adults in Ecuador. Given the accelerating demographic aging in Latin America, understanding context-specific determinants of well-being is essential for developing effective public health strategies. 

Method

This review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines, with a protocol prospectively registered in PROSPERO to ensure methodological transparency.

A comprehensive search of international and national databases identified 12 relevant studies meeting inclusion criteria. The synthesis of evidence revealed that psychological well-being in this population is consistently associated with three primary domains: robust social support networks, regular engagement in physical activity, and the maintenance of close family relationships. These findings align with broader gerontological literature but underscore the particular salience of familism and social interconnectedness within the Ecuadorian cultural context.

Results

Regarding intervention research, psychosocial programs demonstrated moderate effectiveness in enhancing emotional well-being. However, this conclusion is tempered by significant methodological limitations across the evidence base. Substantial heterogeneity in study designs, outcome measures, and intervention protocols precluded the planned meta-analysis, highlighting the nascent state of experimental research in this field. Notably, the review identified critical scientific gaps: a marked absence of rigorous experimental designs and a conspicuous neglect of Ecuador's regional diversity. Most studies fail to account for potential differences in well-being determinants between coastal, highland, and Amazonian regions, limiting the generalizability of findings.

Discussion / Conclusion

This review underscores the urgent need for methodologically robust, regionally stratified research to inform culturally sensitive policies and interventions aimed at promoting successful aging in Ecuador.