Active packaging as a growing trend in food industry: antimicrobial compounds in biodegradable films.

Plastic waste remains a major environmental challenge due to its environmental persistence and the release of microplastics, which may negatively affect human health, wildlife, and ecosystems. Consequently, increasing attention is being paid to the development of biodegradable materials for active food packaging. Active packaging systems are designed to extend the shelf life of food products and maintain their quality by releasing or absorbing selected compounds within the package environment. Such systems may also help reduce the growth of foodborne microorganisms responsible for food spoilage and potential safety risks.

The aim of this study was to develop biodegradable antimicrobial films containing selected antimicrobial agents, including nisin, natamycin and the conventional preservative potassium sorbate (E202). Antimicrobial systems were prepared using polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactide (PLA), and alginate-based hydrogels as carrier matrices functionalized with these compounds. The materials were evaluated for antimicrobial activity, inhibition of biofilm formation, mutagenic potential, phototoxicity and biodegradation under soil conditions. The developed systems showed strong antibacterial activity and limited antifungal effects. Significant inhibition of biofilm formation confirmed their antimicrobial functionality. No mutagenic potential was detected, suggesting a favorable safety profile. Biodegradation studies revealed matrix-dependent behavior, with alginate-based materials degrading considerably faster than PCL-based systems. These findings demonstrate the potential of antimicrobial-agent-functionalized biodegradable materials as sustainable active packaging solutions. Their selective antimicrobial activity, safety, and biodegradability make them promising candidates for future food-packaging applications. However, further in vivo studies are required to assess cytotoxicity and support practical implementation.

Results for potassium sorbate-containing materials are still ongoing; nevertheless, preliminary data indicate promising antimicrobial activity and acceptable phytotoxicity profiles.

Financed by the funds of the Minister of Science and Higher Education under the program “Excellence Initiative – Research University” for the Priority Research Team at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, “EPIBIOMAT Research Group – Epibiocompatible Materials for Medicine and One Health”.