Conserving Emys orbicularis in the face of biological invasions: an integrated approach to freshwater turtle monitoring and management

Wetland conservation is one of the major challenges for biodiversity conservation in Europe. In this context, the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) is considered a flagship species threatened by habitat loss and degradation, as well as by the spread of invasive non-native turtle species. The LIFE URCA PROEMYS project (URgent Conservation Actions PRO Emys orbicularis), launched in 2023 by a consortium including WWF, Italian universities, protected area authorities, and other partner organizations, promotes coordinated conservation actions in Italy and Slovenia. These include population monitoring within Natura 2000 sites, genetic analyses, habitat restoration, captive breeding and restocking programmes, invasive alien species management, the development of an Integrated Management Plan, and public awareness activities. The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia coordinates the monitoring and management of invasive freshwater turtles, with particular emphasis on the pond slider (Trachemys scripta). Data on E. orbicularis and T. scripta populations were collected through visual surveys, trapping campaigns, citizen science records (iNaturalist), and institutional databases. Standard biometric measurements were recorded for all captured individuals. The surveys revealed a fragmented distribution of E. orbicularis, with only a limited number of populations currently showing a favourable conservation status, whereas T. scripta was found to be widespread throughout the study area. Significant biometric differences among populations of both species were observed, suggesting possible effects of habitat characteristics, food availability, basking opportunities, and waterbody size. Surveys also documented 12 other non-native freshwater turtle species, mostly of North American origin. Evidence of successful reproduction was recorded for some species, indicating ongoing establishment and increasing potential threats to native freshwater ecosystems. These findings highlight the importance of integrating systematic monitoring, invasive species management, habitat restoration, and citizen science within coordinated conservation programmes, supporting adaptive management strategies for the long-term conservation of E. orbicularis and the ecological integrity of European wetlands.