Conservation of Honey Bees in Algeria: Challenges and Perspectives for Biodiversity Preservation

Introduction
Apis mellifera plays an essential ecological and economic role through pollination, which is crucial for maintaining natural ecosystems and agricultural productivity. In Algeria, honey bee populations are exposed to multiple pressures, including habitat degradation, climate change, pesticide exposure, emerging diseases, and parasitic infestations such as Varroa destructor. These factors contribute to colony weakening and biodiversity loss.

Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between March and October 2025 on 150 apiaries distributed across different regions of northern Algeria, including forest, agricultural, and mountainous ecosystems. Collected data included colony health assessment, available floral diversity, land-use characterization, and beekeeping management practices. Colony survival rates, honey production, and the presence of major stress factors were recorded and analyzed.

Results
Apiaries located in areas with high floral diversity and low agricultural intensification showed better colony survival rates (88.4%) compared with those located in intensive farming areas (63.7%). Exposure to pesticide-treated crops was associated with reduced colony strength and decreased honey production. Colonies maintained in heterogeneous landscapes combining forest formations and natural meadows showed greater resilience to environmental stressors. The main identified threats were habitat fragmentation (61%), parasitic infestations (54%), and seasonal scarcity of floral resources (47%).

Conclusions
Honey bee conservation in Algeria requires integrated strategies including habitat restoration, reduction of phytosanitary pressure, establishment of floral corridors, and improved colony health management.