Propagation of endemic Allium species for the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources

Introduction:

Destructive human activities, including land-use change and overgrazing, have led to significant habitat loss, particularly in biodiversity hotspots such as the Irano-Anatolian region. This region is a major center of diversity for the genus Allium, harboring nearly 360 of the approximately 900 recognized species, many of which have edible value and are intensively harvested from natural habitats. Therefore, the conservation of these species through both in-situ and ex-situ approaches is essential.

Methods:

Field surveys conducted between 2019 and 2025 were used to assess the conservation status of endemic and rare Allium species in the provinces of west and southwest of Iran. Observations and semi-structured interviews with local residents were used to document traditional cultivation practices of selected Allium species. Species cultivated in home gardens were recorded. These observations were used to evaluate the potential role of local cultivation in the conservation of wild Allium species.

Results:

The results of the field surveys showed that local people in the studied areas practice home cultivation of several endemic and threatened Allium species, including A. bakhtiaricum Regel, A. kazerouni Parsa, A. saralicum R.M.Fritsch, A. hirtifolium Boiss., A. aff. zagricum R.M. Fritsch, and A. iranicum (Wendelbo) Wendelbo. These species were cultivated in home gardens for edible purposes. In some areas, local people have largely ceased harvesting these species from natural habitats and are instead seeking to expand their cultivation as an alternative source of income, replacing conventional crop production with these high-value plant products.

Conclusions:

Promotion of home cultivation of endemic and threatened Allium species by local communities can serve as an effective approach to reducing pressure on natural habitats, conserving these species, and providing sustainable livelihood opportunities.