C-Shaped Meander Line Microstrip Patch Antenna with Partial Ground for IoT Applications

This paper presents a low-profile and high-performance microstrip patch antenna designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications operating in the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band. The proposed antenna features a compact size of 37.6 × 10.6 × 1.6 mm³, making it suitable for integration into space-constrained wireless devices. The design incorporates a C-shaped meandered radiating patch and a partial ground plane, which effectively improve impedance matching, enhance bandwidth, and optimize overall radiation performance. The antenna is fabricated on a cost-effective FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.3, a thickness of 1.6 mm, and standard copper metallization. A 50-ohm microstrip feed line is employed to ensure efficient power transfer and minimize reflection losses. Electromagnetic simulations are performed using CST Studio Suite to evaluate the antenna characteristics. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed antenna resonates at 2.4 GHz with a return loss (S11) of −26.51 dB, indicating excellent impedance matching. The antenna also achieves a 16.66% fractional bandwidth, providing sufficient frequency coverage for various IoT communication standards operating in the ISM band. Furthermore, the design delivers a peak gain of 1.23 dB and a radiation efficiency of 80.76%, ensuring reliable wireless communication with acceptable signal strength and efficient power utilization. The combination of compact dimensions, simple geometry, low fabrication cost, and satisfactory electromagnetic performance makes the proposed antenna a promising solution for modern IoT applications, including wireless sensor networks, smart home systems, wearable electronics, and other embedded communication devices where compactness and reliable connectivity are essential.