Conductive Network Formation in Cementitious Composites with Recycled Steel Shavings

The development of self-sensing cementitious materials has attracted significant attention for smart infrastructure and structural health monitoring applications. The study examines the feasibility of using recycled steel shavings as a low‑cost conductive filler for self‑sensing cementitious composites. Despite the fact that conventional systems relying on carbon‑based additives or engineered steel fibers, this experimental research explore whether irregular metallic waste particles can form stable conductive pathways within a cement matrix. Specimens were cast as 1×1×8‑inch prisms with steel‑shaving volume fractions of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Electrical resistivity was measured using two‑probe method right after casting and after 28 days of curing to evaluate network formation and long‑term stability. Conductive behavior is interpreted through percolation theory, with the expectation of a sharp resistivity drop once a critical steel content is reached. In addition, Compressive strength testing was performed to assess mechanical impacts, with anticipated reductions below 20%. The expected results identify an optimum steel‑shaving content that balances conductivity and structural performance. By valorizing machining waste and diverting 5–15% steel by volume from disposal, this work supports sustainable approaches for developing low-cost self-sensing concrete for future applications in structural monitoring and intelligent infrastructure systems and provide a practical and economical pathway toward developing self-sensing cementitious composites utilizing recycled industrial waste.