Digital Transformation Gaps and Innovation Strategies for Sustainable Construction Megaprojects: A Multiple-Case Study

Digital transformation is increasingly reshaping sustainable construction megaprojects by improving collaboration, project control, and lifecycle management. Despite widespread adoption of digital technologies, information remains fragmented across design, construction, quality assurance, commissioning, handover, and asset operation, limiting project performance and long-term value. This study investigates the common digital transformation gaps in sustainable construction megaprojects and explores innovation strategies to address these challenges. This study adopts a qualitative multiple-case study design based on documentary analysis of three major infrastructure megaprojects. Data were collected from publicly available project reports, technology provider case studies, project publications, the peer-reviewed literature, and industry guidance. The cases were analysed using a digital transformation audit framework comprising five dimensions: digital tools and methods, data interoperability, field quality management, sustainability evidence, and organisational readiness for lifecycle handover. Cross-case analysis identifies recurring digital maturity gaps and evaluates the effectiveness of current digital practices. Preliminary findings indicate that Building Information Modelling (BIM), 4D planning, digital field management, prefabrication, and data-driven monitoring are becoming standard practice. However, significant gaps remain in integrating workface planning, material traceability, carbon reporting, commissioning records, and asset information into a unified digital ecosystem. To address these shortcomings, the study proposes a three-stage innovation strategy that focuses on establishing an integrated information environment, extending digital workflows across project delivery and supply chains, and strengthening lifecycle assurance through structured digital handover and auditable sustainability data. The proposed audit-to-strategy framework offers practical guidance for clients, contractors, and policymakers seeking to improve digital maturity, reduce information-related rework, and enhance the sustainable delivery of construction megaprojects.