Antibiotic Resistance Prevalence in Staphylococcus aureus from Animal Sources in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review

Evidence has confirmed that excessive use of antibiotics in agricultural farming is the main factor causing antibiotic-resistant (ABR) bacteria such as ABR Staphylococcus aureus, which have a detrimental human health impact. Nevertheless, little effort has given to contain the spread of ABR through animal sources, despite some studies unswervingly reporting a high prevalence of ABR in humans in low and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. This study was aimed to systematically review the studies that reported the prevalence of ABR in S. aureus isolates from animal sources in Bangladesh. Applying the PRISMA guidelines, we searched for studies using the Bangladesh Journal Online, Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCO databases conducted in the last 20 years. The search obtained a total of 124 articles, of which 13 articles (n=1,298) were selected to extract the prevalence data and pooled together. The pooled prevalence of ABR S. aureus was about 49%. The reported data produced a pooled prevalence of ABR (top ten resistant antibiotics) in S. aureus isolates from animal sources (i.e., meat, cow milk, dairy products, eggs, animal feeds and litters) in Bangladesh: streptomycin (90.34%, IQR, interquartile range: 3.67), vancomycin (83.56%, IQR: 16.50), penicillin (79.68 %, IQR: 23.8), Nalidixic acid (78.72 %, IQR: 33), kanamycin (71.10 %, IQR: 28.9), amoxicillin (66.28 %, IQR: 67.86), tetracycline (63.53 %, IQR: 40.44), oxytetracycline (62.86 %, IQR: 11.64), erythromycin (62.28 %, IQR: 41.97), and methicillin (59.50 %, IQR: 40.5). In this systematic review, we demonstrated an evaluation of the evidence of the high prevalence of ABR by S. aureus in animal sources. These findings might have important consequences in policy design to contain the spread of ABR to establish One Health settings in Bangladesh. Additionally, S. aureus is prone to spread ABR among and other bacterial species through mobile genetic elements. Therefore, implementing nationwide surveillance to detect ABR strains and controlling them by establishing strict ABR management is highly recommended.