Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant interest in the field of advanced adsorbent materials due to their exceptional surface areas, customizable pore sizes, and diverse chemical functionalities. Recent advancements in MOF research have focused on enhancing their adsorption capabilities, selectivity, and robustness, making them highly effective for applications in gas storage, environmental remediation, and related areas. This paper explores the latest progress in the synthesis, alteration, and application of MOFs as adsorbents, including advancements in high-pressure gas storage, the selective separation of gases, and the removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants from water. Improvements in MOF production, incorporating environmentally friendly techniques and scalable manufacturing processes, have increased their feasibility and reduced their environmental impact. Advancements in functionalization strategies, such as post-synthetic modifications and the incorporation of functional groups, have enhanced the selectivity and adsorption capacity of MOFs for specific adsorbates such as CO₂, CH₄, and various contaminants. This study also examines the integration of green chemistry principles, the scalability of MOF production, and the use of advanced analytical techniques like real-time analysis and computational simulations. Furthermore, this paper highlights future prospects in the field, including targeted adsorption applications in healthcare and energy storage, as well as strategies to improve the sustainability and recyclability of MOF-based adsorbents. The development of water-resistant and acid/base-tolerant MOFs, along with the creation of hybrid composite materials, presents promising avenues for expanding the use of MOFs in various industrial and environmental settings. The combination of advanced characterization techniques and computational modeling will further drive the design of next-generation MOFs with tailored properties for a wide range of industrial and environmental uses.