The urgent need to address climate change and sustainability challenges has positioned higher education institutions (HEIs) as critical agents of transformation. However, existing evaluation models such as UI GreenMetric, AASHE-STARS, and the THE Impact Rankings tend to prioritize environmental and infrastructural dimensions while neglecting pedagogical innovation, social engagement, and justice-oriented perspectives. This study introduces the Framework of Indicators for Education and Sustainability (FIES), designed to provide a holistic and transformative approach to assessing sustainability in HEIs.

The research employed a sequential mixed-methods design, combining a systematic literature and policy review, Delphi-based expert validation, and institutional case studies. The process resulted in the development and validation of 68 indicators across five dimensions: Academic Curriculum, Research and Innovation, Institutional Management, Infrastructure and Resources, and Social Engagement. Unlike existing rankings, FIES balances environmental, social, cultural, and ethical considerations while integrating quantitative and qualitative measures.

Findings demonstrate that FIES offers not only a monitoring tool but also a strategic roadmap for embedding sustainability within HEIs. The validated indicators highlight governance, curriculum reform, interdisciplinary research, and community partnerships as levers for systemic change. By addressing gaps in current frameworks, FIES strengthens the role of higher education in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and fostering a just, resilient, and inclusive transition towards sustainability.