The extensive application of xenobiotics in modern agriculture has generated growing concern due to their potential adverse effects on non-target plant species and overall ecosystem stability. In this context, the present study evaluates the phytotoxic effects of sulfonylurea herbicides on Triticum durum, with particular emphasis on germination behavior and key physiological parameters as early and sensitive indicators of plant stress.

The results obtained from germination tests revealed a clear dose-dependent inhibition, characterized by significant reductions in germination percentage, germination index, and germination rate. These findings confirm that the initial stages of plant development are highly vulnerable to xenobiotic exposure. Complementary physiological assessments demonstrated substantial disturbances, including a marked decrease in relative water content, a significant reduction in chlorophyll pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll), and a pronounced inhibition of root respiratory activity. Such physiological impairments reflect disruptions in water balance, photosynthetic efficiency, and overall metabolic processes.

The combined analysis of germination and physiological responses highlights their effectiveness as early-warning indicators of sub-lethal phytotoxicity. These parameters provide a reliable and integrative approach for assessing plant sensitivity to environmental contaminants. The outcomes of this study emphasize the ecological implications of herbicide persistence and dispersion in agroecosystems, and support the use of these biomarkers in environmental monitoring and risk assessment strategies.