Fatty esters are highly relevant industrially due to their distinctive olfactory characteristics and wide range of applications, from fragrances and cosmetics to food and biolubricants. Among the synthesis routes, enzymatic esterification stands out as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical catalysts, offering high selectivity, lower byproduct formation, and mild reaction conditions, in line with the principles of green chemistry. In this study, we investigated the synthesis of phenylethyl fatty esters via enzymatic catalysis using licuri oil (Syagrus coronata), 2-phenylethanol, and lipase from Pseudomonas. The oil composition was characterized by acid catalysis followed by chromatography, while the conversion of the esters formed was confirmed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In the obtained products, the absence of the hydroxyl band at 3327 cm⁻¹ indicated the consumption of alcohol during the reaction. The shift of the carbonyl band from 1743 cm⁻¹ to 1736 cm⁻¹ suggested the formation of new esters. Additionally, the presence of bands at 1240–1150 cm⁻¹, attributed to C–O stretching, and at 1607 cm⁻¹, related to the aromatic ring of 2-phenylethanol, corroborated the formation of the desired product. GC-FID analysis also confirmed ester formation, reinforcing the consistency of the results. Thus, this study demonstrates the technical feasibility of the enzymatic approach for producing phenylethyl esters from licuri oil, highlighting their industrial potential.

There are several methods to synthesize precursor molecules to develop devices based on organic light emitting diodes. Among them, batch process using thermic energy on liquid phase (TELP) and mechanic energy on solid state (MESS). Last one is known as mecanosynthesis is a method characterized by favoring chemical reactions that require high transition energies. In this study, 9 benzoxazoles, organic heterocycles were synthesized in order to obtain materials with semiconductor and electroluminescent characteristics for the development of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) using TELP and MESS techniques. A Pulverisette 7 high-energy planetary ball mill was used with silicon-nitride (Si3N4) and stainless-steel jars and balls. After milling, the solid mixtures were isolated by filtration and washed with methanol (MeOH). Structures were confirmed by 1H NMR (Varian 400 MHz) and FT-IR (PerkinElmer Spectrum 100, ATR). Spectroscopic monitoring and UV observations indicated luminescent product formation at 365 nm (SS), 254 nm (MeOH), and 265 nm (water) solution. Reactions typically reached completion within 0.5–1.5 h, affording yields of 44–95%. Notably, switching from Si3N4 to stainless-steel milling media approximately halved the reaction time. Overall, mechanosynthesis provides an eco-efficient and practical route to electroluminescent materials by minimizing solvent use, shortening reaction times, and delivering yields comparable to or better than those obtained with conventional solution-phase methods.

Inflammation is a protective immune response to stimuli, including infections and injuries, resulting in redness, pain, swelling, and warmth. The transcription factor NF-κB pathway plays a key role by regulating genes involved in inflammation, including those for pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, anti-apoptotic proteins, chemokines and enzymes like COX-2. Cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) are key inflammatory mediators involved in the arachidonic acid cascade, that produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively, which contribute to diseases such as arthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and cancer.

While nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to treat inflammation, they can cause side effects like cardiovascular, kidney and gastrointestinal problems. Natural products offer valuable alternatives due to their diverse structures and multi-target effects. Oxazoles, heterocyclic compounds found in natural sources such as sea sponges, show promising anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal and analgesic properties. Their five-membered ring structure containing nitrogen and oxygen enables interaction with biological targets, making them appealing for drug development, and benzene-fused derivatives often show enhanced biological activity.

Owing to their importance, a series of oxazole-based compounds was synthesized, fully characterized by standard analytical techniques and their potential anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated. The results are relevant and provided valuable insights for future drug design.

The textile industry plays a major role in the global economy, , providing employment and essential materials to multiple sectors. However, it is increasingly pressured to adopt environmentally sustainable practices due to its high consumption of water, energy, and the extensive use of synthetic chemicals that often generate toxic effluents. In this context, the development of dyes from renewable resources is an important strategy. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol), a natural phenolic compound extracted from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil, offers an attractive and promising platform for the synthesis of functional azo dyes due to its reactive aromatic structure.

Considering the influence of pH on dyeing processes and subsequent treatments, the present study on eugenol-derived azo dyes began with an investigation of their behavior across a range of pH values using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, in order to evaluate their stability and potential pH sensitivity. Subsequently, these dyes were applied to textile substrates by exhaustion dyeing, and their colorimetric properties were analyzed using the CIEL*a*b* system. The washing and light fastness of the dyed fabrics were evaluated in all the experiments conducted.

The results demonstrate good dye-fiber affinity and satisfactory fastness properties, underscoring the potential of eugenol-based azo dyes as sustainable alternatives for textile coloration.

The chemical recycling process of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was executed through aminolysis employing N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) as the catalytic agent, commencing with the systematic collection and comprehensive purification of discarded PET bottles to remove contaminants and additives. The depolymerization reaction utilized hydrazine as the primary amine source, facilitating the cleavage of ester bonds within the polymer matrix under controlled temperature and pressure conditions. The synthesis of the diamine compound, terephthalohydrazide, was successfully achieved through this catalytic aminolysis pathway, demonstrating high conversion efficiency and product selectivity.

The resulting terephthalohydrazide served as a crucial intermediate and was subsequently utilized for the further synthesis of BIS-1,3,4-Oxadiazole derivatives through a comprehensive methodology rigorously aligned with the fundamental principles of green chemistry, including atom economy, reduced waste generation, and environmentally benign reaction conditions. A diverse series of six distinct products derived from various carboxylic acids employed in the cyclization synthesis of BIS-1,3,4-Oxadiazoles were systematically produced under optimized reaction parameters. These products were meticulously characterized using advanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques, including both ¹H and ¹³C NMR analyses, confirming their structural integrity and chemical composition. This sequential approach represents a significant advancement in heterocyclic synthesis methodology , using sustainable pathway to find structural diversity.

The catalytic chloroacetylation of phenol and methoxyphenols was systematically investigated under identical conditions using ferric chloride (FeCl₃) and ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O) as Lewis acid catalysts. The study aimed to elucidate the effect of catalyst hydration state on reactivity, regioselectivity, and product distribution. Experimental results demonstrated that both catalysts efficiently promoted the reaction of phenol and its methoxy-substituted derivatives with chloroacetyl chloride. However, significant differences in selectivity were observed: FeCl₃ tended to favor O-acylation pathways, yielding chloroacetates as the main products, whereas FeCl₃·6H₂O exhibited higher activity toward C-acylation, leading to hydroxyphenacyl chloride derivatives. These differences were attributed to the varying coordination environments and catalytic behavior arising from the hydration state of the iron center. Spectroscopic analysis (IR, UV–Vis, and NMR) confirmed the structures of the obtained compounds and provided insight into the mechanism of electrophilic substitution. The comparative study revealed that methoxy substitution patterns strongly influenced the orientation of chloroacetylation, with ortho- and para-methoxy groups enhancing regioselectivity due to resonance and inductive effects. The findings highlight the role of catalyst hydration in controlling selectivity and suggest practical routes for tailoring chloroacetylated aromatic derivatives with potential applications in pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. This work contributes to a deeper mechanistic understanding of chloroacetylation processes and provides a foundation for future research in selective functionalization of phenolic compounds under environmentally benign catalytic conditions.

A novel synthetic methodology has been developed for the efficient preparation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives through a strategically designed combination of Ugi four-component reaction (4CR) followed by metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. This innovative approach demonstrates exceptional versatility in generating molecular diversity by systematically modulating the reactivity profiles of the initially formed Ugi adducts, thereby enabling access to a broad library of structurally diverse quinoxalinone compounds. The synthetic protocol consistently delivered the desired final products in good to moderate yields, demonstrating the reliability and practicality of this methodology for preparative applications. Comprehensive structural characterization of all synthesized derivatives was accomplished through a combination of advanced spectroscopic techniques, including proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry, ensuring unambiguous confirmation of product identities and purities. The methodological framework employs 2-iodoaniline and 2-chloroacetic acid as the fixed amine and carboxylic acid components, respectively, in the multicomponent Ugi reaction, providing a consistent synthetic foundation. Subsequently, the resulting Ugi adducts undergo palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling transformations under optimized reaction conditions, facilitating the crucial cyclization and functionalization steps necessary for the formation of the target Quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives. This sequential approach represents a significant advancement in heterocyclic synthesis methodology.

Developing new methodologies to efficiently and rapidly prepare structurally complex compounds remains a key objective in synthetic chemistry. One of the most effective approaches to quickly achieve molecular complexity is through multicomponent reactions (MCRs). As defined by Ugi et al., “Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are one-pot processes involving more than two starting materials—typically three, four, up to seven—where most of the atoms from the reactants are incorporated into the final product.”

In recent years, MCRs have found increasing application in the synthesis of complex molecules incorporating fluorophores. To explore the scope and limitations of this approach, we applied it to the preparation of 4H-pyranes, a family of heterocyclic compounds of significant biological and pharmaceutical relevance. Numerous synthetic strategies for 4H-pyranes have been reported, with one of the most common involving a base-catalyzed MCR of an aryl aldehyde, malononitrile, and ethyl acetoacetate.

In this work, several formylaryl-containing BODIPY derivatives were prepared via the Liebeskind–Srogl cross-coupling reaction. The formyl-functionalized fluorescent scaffolds were subsequently reacted with malononitrile and ethyl acetoacetate to afford a series of emissive 4H-pyranes. We report a novel strategy for the synthesis of 4H-pyran–BODIPY derivatives via an MCR performed in an EtOH/water mixture. Nine products were obtained under conventional stirring with good yields (25–72%), and six additional derivatives were synthesized under ultrasound-assisted conditions.

Plants from the Randia genus (Rubiaceae) are used in Mexican traditional medicine, where diseases as diabetes, cancer, and chronic inflammation are treated with these plants. Particularly, Randia echinocarpa Sessé & Moc. ex DC (endemic in Mexico) is used in the northern region to treat kidney diseases and stomach disorders, while in the central region, this plant is used to treat circulatory and lung diseases, cancer, diabetes, and malaria. Previous research on this plant suggested the antibacterial potential of extracts from leaves and stems, and nematicidal and antioxidant activities for fruit extracts. Phytochemical studies of this plant have been poorly explored, where the presence of mannitol, triterpene, and phytosterol compounds as main components in extracts from fruits was described. In this research, the chemical study of leaves and fruits of R. echinocarpa is described. The presence of gardenoside as the main component of the methanolic extract from leaves was determined after a phytochemical analysis. This compound could be directly related to the use of R. echinocarpa in traditional medicine since scientific reports suggested its potential as an anti-inflammatory and pain suppressor, as well as its inhibitory effect on free fatty acids (FFA)-induced cellular steatosis. In addition, β-gardiol was isolated from fruits extract. Chemical correlation of β-gardiol with gardenoside was done by enzymatic hydrolysis. Other components, including ursolic acid, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and d-mannitol, were also identified. All compounds were characterized by their physical and spectroscopic data.

Lignin, a abundant biopolymer in biomass, holds significant potential for environmental applications, particularly in heavy metal adsorption from contaminated water. In Mexico, maize stover, a major agricultural by-product in the Bajío region, is often underutilised, leading to environmental pollution. This study focuses on optimising lignin extraction from maize stover to transform this waste into a value-added material, addressing both waste management and water treatment challenges.

Lignin was extracted via alkaline hydrolysis using NaOH under varying conditions: NaOH concentration (10–40% m/V), temperature (25–60°C), and reaction time (3–72 hours). Two particle sizes (20 and 100 mesh) were tested, with mechanical agitation or sonication (40 kHz) as energy sources. The extracted lignin was characterised using FTIR spectroscopy to confirm its structural integrity.

Highest lignin yield (11%) was achieved using 40% NaOH at 25°C with sonication for 25 minutes, matching the theoretical lignin content in maize stover (11.1%). Traditional mechanical agitation at 60°C for 72 hours yielded only 8%. Ultrasonication not only improved efficiency but also reduced reaction time and energy consumption. Particle size (20 mesh) marginally enhanced yields, though handling larger particles proved more practical. FTIR analysis confirmed the characteristic lignin functional groups, including aromatic rings and hydroxyl groups. NaOH solution was successfully recovered for reuse, enhancing the sustainability of the method.

Ultrasonication significantly optimises lignin extraction from maize stover, offering a greener, faster, and more efficient alternative to conventional methods. This approach aligns with circular economy principles by minimising waste and maximising resource efficiency.