The accurate quantification of soil infiltration rates is paramount for effective water resource management. However, obtaining precise field-based measurements remains a challenge due to the lack of comprehensive datasets. Understanding soil infiltration is crucial for optimizing water use, enhancing groundwater recharge, and mitigating water-related issues such as runoff and soil erosion.

This study addresses the critical need for field-based measurements of soil infiltration rates in Gaya district, Bihar. Utilizing a mini disc infiltrometer, infiltration characteristics were assessed across all 24 blocks, encompassing diverse soil types and land uses. The mini disc infiltrometer measures the rate at which water enters the soil through a small disc placed on the surface, providing insights into soil permeability and water absorption dynamics.

The results revealed significant variability in infiltration rates, with average cumulative rates ranging from 0.38 to 2.20 cm/min. Notably, the initial infiltration rates were uniformly high across all blocks, gradually decreasing with successive readings. Moreover, forested areas exhibited higher cumulative infiltration rates compared to urban and grassland regions. Approximately one-third of the blocks demonstrated infiltration rates exceeding the area average, indicating favorable conditions for groundwater recharge and emphasizing the importance of implementing recharge structures.

Further analysis identified reduced infiltration rates in inundated areas, attributed to elevated soil water table levels. To address the lack of comprehensive datasets, a district-wide infiltration rate map was developed, serving as a valuable resource for decision-making in water resource management. These findings underscore the critical role of field-based infiltration measurements in informing sustainable water management practices. By bridging the gap in data availability and offering insights into soil–water dynamics, this study contributes to the enhancement of water resource management and resilience in the face of changing environmental conditions.