Building materials naturally contain radionuclides, potentially leading to internal and external radiation exposure in human dwellings. This study collected and analyzed data on natural radionuclides such as Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 in concrete samples from 16 countries worldwide. Internal and external doses for these concrete samples were estimated using the RESRAD-BUILD computer code. The RESRAD-BUILD model facilitates the evaluation of radiation exposure over a 70-year period, providing insights into the long-term health effects. The calculated long-term effective doses showed variations in external and internal doses over the years and among countries. The variations among countries underscore the importance of considering each country's geographical location and geological characteristics when establishing norms and guidelines related to emitted radiation limits from building materials.

These findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring of commonly used building materials, especially as radiation exposure is likely to increase in the near future due to the growing use of recycled materials and materials formerly considered waste in the building industry. Environmental quality, both indoor and outdoor, is crucial for human well-being and can serve as an indicator of human development, particularly since the majority of the population spends almost 80% of their time indoors. Therefore, measuring and controlling natural radiation in buildings is of great interest for ensuring human safety.