Sustainable construction materials are developed using alternative cementitious materials. Concrete durability is aligned with the longevity of structures, especially when exposed to aggressive environments. This study explores the effects of the partial replacement of cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like silica fume (SF), metakaolin (MK), and fly ash (FA) on the durability and strength of concrete exposed to nitric acid solution. Concrete cubes were developed with varying percentages of SF, MK, and FA, and were subjected to water curing. The developed samples were exposed to nitric acid to assess the performance of the material against harsh environments. This study includes a performance analysis of mechanical properties through compressive strength tests, rebound hammer tests, and durability assessments using the volume of permeable voids (VPV) and mass loss measurements. The results indicate that the inclusion of SCMs significantly enhances the resistance of concrete to nitric acid attack, reducing both mass loss and strength degradation. Optimal performance was observed with 10% SF showing 52.22 MPa strength, which provided superior durability and maintained structural integrity under acidic conditions. This study has been conducted to developed concrete materials for industrial plants, wastewater treatment plants, and infrastructures exposed to chemically challenging environments like acidic rain and aggressive chemical exposure. This study is aligned with the achievement of sustainable goals regarding innovation for industry and the sustainable development of cities and communities.