Design investigations of Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are increasing year by year, and most motor design researchers have investigated the superior efficiency of the BLDC
motor. This research presents the high performance and efficiency of the outer rotor BLDC motor by using the electric fan under optimization and an analysis of fuzzy logic to find out whether this motor shows higher efficiency and saves more energy than another traditional motor. Firstly, this research identifies a suitable design for the reference of the outer rotor BLDC motor used in electric fans. The electric fan motor is manually tested using the motor specification parameters and testing machine. To optimize the reference motor analyzed,
the "one factor at a time" method involves changing one design parameter at a time while keeping all other parameters constant to observe the effect of the reference model. The simulation of the design investigation results is studied using the JMAG software. This software can produce the optimization result for the analysis of the Finite
Element Method. The final proposed model achieved an efficiency of 15 % higher than the reference model, and the output power is 8 W higher than this reference model. The maximum torque of the proposed model is 0.032 Nm higher than the reference model. Moreover, the design evaluation results of the proposed model are considered, and the four methods of design optimizations are shown in the characteristics of the motor design improvements in this research.

Mechanochemical synthesis has emerged as a pivotal approach in sustainable chemistry. The synthesis method involves using mechanical energy to drive chemical reactions, often eliminating the need for solvents and reducing waste generation. This method enhances reaction efficiency and minimizes environmental impact by utilizing less hazardous materials and energy. The importance of mechanochemical synthesis is underscored by its contributions to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by promoting sustainable industrial processes and reducing the carbon footprint associated with traditional chemical manufacturing. This study investigates the anodic response of ferricyanide on a mechanochemically enhanced graphite electrode modified with aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The enhanced graphite electrode was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional active sites that facilitate electrochemical reactions. SEM images demonstrated a smoothened surface morphology of the graphite post-Al₂O₃ incorporation, indicating an increase in surface area conducive to enhanced electrochemical activity. XRD patterns confirmed the formation of new compounds resulting from the mechanochemical synthesis of graphite and Al₂O₃, suggesting structural modifications that contribute to improved conductivity. Cyclic voltammetry experiments showed a significant enhancement in the anodic response of ferricyanide on the modified electrode, with increased peak currents observed at elevated scan rates. The study findings suggest that mechanochemical treatment not only alters the physical properties of graphite but also optimizes its electrochemical performance, positioning it as a promising candidate for future energy storage applications. Overall, the results underscore the potential of mechanochemical methods to enhance electrode materials for improved energy efficiency in electrochemical systems.

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles using phytochemicals has attracted significant attention in the field of nanotechnology because of their low cost and environmental friendliness compared to conventional methods. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial properties through chemical reduction using phytochemicals present in an aqueous extract of Harrisonia abyssinica fruit is reported in the current study. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, including UV-Vis spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The findings showed that the prepared silver nanoparticles were crystalline and spherical, and exhibited a strong absorption band at 420 nm due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) resulting from free-electron oscillations. The successful reduction of silver ions to form nanoparticles was indicated by a peak due to metallic silver at 3 keV in the EDX spectrum. The fabricated nanoparticles exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. The antibacterial effect was more pronounced for Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 5 µg/mL) than Escherichia coli (MIC = 10 µg/mL). The findings of the current study contribute to the field of nanotechnology by demonstrating a green approach to synthesizing silver nanoparticles with antibacterial properties using natural sources from plant materials.

Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete (FRSCC) is an advanced form of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) that eliminates the need for vibration or mechanical compaction; it integrates the benefits of Fiber- Reinforced Concrete (FRC). The fibers within the mix help distribute loads more evenly, reducing stress concentrations and preventing crack propagation. This makes FRSCC particularly effective in applications where high performance and durability are crucial. High workability, segregation resistance, and concrete homogeneity are some of the essential properties of SCC. However, ensuring proper flowability while maintaining high strength poses a significant challenge. Therefore, a variety of admixtures, like supplementary cementitious materials, natural or synthetic fiber reinforcement, air entraining and viscosity-modifying agents, etc., can be incorporated to control and elevate the strength response of the concrete mix. This study primarily investigates the difference in strength and flow properties of FRSCC for multiple PCC variants with different dosage of nylon fiber to a maximum of 0.5% by volume. The flow properties of the concrete mix were assessed using V-Funnel, L-Box, T500, and slump tests. Subsequently, the hardened properties, such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, were analyzed to evaluate the performance of FRSCC. The findings from this study indicate that using nylon fiber up to 0.25% by volume can increase the compressive strength capacity by 18%, the tensile strength by 45%, and the flexural strength by 29%. Additionally, failure in the FRSCC did not occur immediately in the three-point bending test compared to the SCC beam with no fiber. The FRSCC specimen could carry some additional load even after reaching its ultimate strength and developing flexural cracks.

Sucralfate suspension is primarily used as a treatment for ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Globally, this substance has been approved for various indications, including the management of peptic ulcer disease, stress ulcers, oral mucositis, as well as radiation-induced mucositis and esophagitis. This study aims to provide a reference quantitative method by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for drug manufacturers to control the quality of their sucralfate suspension product with the available conditions at their facility, and to serve as a tool in the field of drug research and development. As sucralfate is a substance that does not absorb UV-VIS light, the UV-VIS detector cannot be used. For such compounds, detectors like RID (Refractive Index Detector), ELSD (Evaporative Light Scattering Detector), or Charged Aerosol Detector (CAD) can be utilized. Among these, RID is the detector chosen for this study due to its popularity, ease of use, and low cost. The chromatographic conditions are as follows: Column: L8 (NH2), 300 × 3.9 mm. Detector: Refractive Index Detector (RID). Mobile phase: ammonium sulfate (132 g/L) adjusted to pH 3.5 ± 0.1 with phosphoric acid, resulting in a phosphoric acid concentration of approximately 1.8 × 10⁻² M. Column temperature: 30°C; Injection volume: 50 µL; Flow rate: 1 mL/min. This method is applicable, and the solvents and chemical reagents are common and available in testing centers and quality control departments at production facilities equipped with HPLC machines.

This study investigates the synthesis and phase transition behavior of ZnSnO₃ nanoparticles prepared via chemical precipitation. To understand their properties, the nanoparticles were characterized using several techniques: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). TGA measured the weight changes of the nanoparticles as they were heated from 200°C to 600°C, revealing their thermal stability and decomposition patterns. Initially, at 200°C, the nanoparticles showed minimal weight loss, indicating they were stable. As the temperature increased to 300°C, a noticeable weight reduction occurred, likely due to the removal of residual organic materials and the onset of structural transformations. Between 400°C and 500°C, significant weight loss was observed, corresponding to major phase transitions and the release of volatile components. By 600°C, the nanoparticles exhibited enhanced thermal stability with only minor additional weight loss, suggesting the formation of a stable Zn₂SnO₄ phase. XRD analysis confirmed the evolution of the crystalline structure, showing a transition from cubic ZnSnO₃ to orthorhombic Zn₂SnO₄ as the temperature increased. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed changes in the bandgap energy associated with these phase transitions, which is important for understanding the material's optical and electronic properties. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of specific functional groups, providing insights into the chemical bonds within the nanoparticles. These findings offer critical insights into the thermal behavior and phase transitions of ZnSnO₃ nanoparticles. Understanding these properties is essential for tailoring the material for various applications, including advanced materials, catalysis, and electronic devices. Moreover, the study provides valuable guidance for optimizing synthesis conditions to achieve the desired material properties, enhancing their performance in technological applications. By elucidating the phase transitions and thermal stability of ZnSnO₃ nanoparticles, this research contributes to the development of materials with specific and enhanced properties for diverse scientific and industrial uses.

Drug-loaded nanoparticles serve as carriers for targeted therapies, with silver nanoparticles being particularly noted for their conductivity, stability, and safety in treating diseases. Padina commersonii, an edible brown macroalgae found along Sri Lanka's coastal beaches, is eco-friendly . The bioactive compounds in Padina commersonii can reduce metal ions to form nanoparticles, acting as stabilizers and capping agents. This research aims to green-synthesize silver nanoparticles using Padina commersonii, characterize the nanoparticles, and evaluate their in vitro antioxidant efficacy. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing crude methanol extract of Padina commersonii with silver nitrate. Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was conducted using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta potential analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated against bacterial and fungal strains via the Agar well diffusion method. A colour change from pale yellow to reddish-brown within 48 hours indicated nanoparticle formation. UV-Vis spectrophotometry revealed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 424 nm, confirming silver nanoparticles. DLS analysis showed an average size of 79.34 nm, with zeta potential at -21.5 mV indicating stability. SEM images depicted spherical nanoparticles with smooth surfaces and no aggregation. EDX analysis confirmed 19.5% silver content by weight, and XRD analysis showed a face-centered cubic structure. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy identified proteins, phenolic compounds, and amines as capping agents, with polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids as reducing agents. The antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Padina commersonii against bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus (12.77 ± 0.58 mm), Escherichia coli (15.27 ± 0.58 mm), and fungal strains Aspergillus niger (18.10 ± 0.15 mm) and Candida albicans (17.43 ± 0.57 mm) was greater than that of the crude extract of Padina sp. (S. aureus = 11.17 ± 0.29 mm, E. coli = 10.50 ± 0.50mm, A. niger = 12.66 ± 0.10mm, C. albicans = 15.66 ± 0.10mm). These findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly synthesized silver nanoparticles as a therapeutic approach for treating microbial infections

The increasing demand for food has intensified agricultural practices, leading to environmental degradation and economic loss. Simultaneously, the need for sustainable energy has spurred research into alternatives like potassium-ion (K-ion) batteries, which have emerged as a promising substitute for lithium-ion batteries. This systematic review evaluates the current methods of extracting potassium from biomass, with a focus on its application in K-ion batteries (KIB). Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across major databases using broad keywords related to biomass-derived potassium extraction and its use in energy storage. Articles were reviewed for relevance, and a subset was selected based on criteria such as extraction techniques (pyrolysis, acid leaching, and alkaline hydrolysis), biomass types, and battery applications. The review highlights the potential of agricultural waste, particularly in developing sustainable energy solutions through KIBs. However, challenges remain, including the need to improve extraction methods and address scalability issues. Further research is required to refine these processes, explore alternative biomass sources, and evaluate long-term battery performance. Linking waste management with K-ion battery technology, this review outlines a pathway toward more sustainable energy solutions benefiting both the environment and economy. Continued research is vital to fully unlock the potential of biomass-derived potassium in renewable energy.

Introduction: The development of controlled drug delivery systems is critical in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and reducing the side effects of medications. Thermally responsive hydrogels are particularly advantageous due to their ability to modulate drug release in response to temperature changes, providing a targeted and efficient delivery mechanism.

Methods: In this study, the Xanthan gum hydrogel was fabricated using a cost-effective and straightforward approach involving a solution mixing method followed by a freeze-thawing crosslinking process. For drug loading, the hydrogel was immersed in a Metronidazole solution, allowing the drug to be absorbed into the hydrogel matrix.

Results and discussion: The prepared hydrogels were subjected to a series of analyses to characterize their properties and assess their suitability as drug carriers. Mechanical testing demonstrated the robustness of the hydrogels. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a porous structure conducive to drug loading and release. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful incorporation of Metronidazole within the hydrogel. Thermal analysis highlighted the stability of the hydrogel under physiological conditions. Swelling behavior studies indicated a significant increase in hydrogel volume in response to temperature changes, facilitating controlled drug release. The drug release profile showed a sustained release of Metronidazole over time, while antimicrobial activity assays confirmed the retained efficacy of the drug post-release.

Conclusions:
The engineered thermally responsive hydrogel exhibits promising characteristics as a drug carrier for Metronidazole, with robust mechanical properties, effective drug loading, and controlled release capabilities. These findings suggest its potential application in targeted drug delivery systems, enhancing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects.

The central focus of this work is to implement an effective and cost-friendly wheelchair motion control system for individuals with impaired upper body movements by utilizing the mandibular movement of an individual. The initial part of the system is the signal-gathering system that is built of two functional blocks, the magnet and sensing block. A magnet is affixed to the inferior region of the user's mandible, and the sensing block, which incorporates two static HMCL 5883L sensors, quantifies the magnetic field intensity modulated by the magnet's displacement. The processing unit deciphers these sensor signals to ascertain the wheelchair's trajectory, while the mechanical unit effects the movement directives. The methodology is embedding the HMCL 5883L sensor into the microcontroller to detect the required motion for the wheelchair. The HMCL 5883L sensors are incorporated to identify each change in the orientation of the magnet. HMCL 5883L is a sophisticated and budget technology. In order to trace the magnet in the user’s jaw region, the sensor partitions the magnet’s strength’s path into three hypothetical axes. The magnet’s configuration in the mandibular region won’t create any unease, and a user jaw action isn’t something new that requires a certain level. This development empowers the mobility of patients with Quadriplegia and because of the device’s smaller footprint and feasible modules, it infuse sustainable development and availability.