The increasing frequency and severity of drought episodes in Central Europe due to climate change pose a significant threat. Slovakia is particularly vulnerable to these changes due to its complex geography and vital agricultural lowlands. This study focuses on agricultural droughts, which harm the economy and the delicate ecosystem. Monitoring soil moisture, a key indicator of drought is challenging due to the need for in situ data. However, remote sensing data provide valuable insights from the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) on the Meteorological Operational (Metop) satellites. ASCAT offers soil moisture data with daily revisit times and spatial resolutions of 12.5 and 25 km². This research calculated the Soil Water Deficit Index (SWDI) using ASCAT soil moisture data for the growing season (March–November) from 2007 to 2019 in the Danubian and Eastern Slovakian lowlands. SWDI, calculated monthly, employs the 5th percentile as the wilting point and the 95th percentile and minimum of the maximum value during the growing season as estimators of field capacity. According to the research findings, the average duration of drought events is six months in the Eastern lowlands and 5.5 months in the Danubian lowlands, occurring with a frequency of 66.7% and 65.8%, respectively. The average drought magnitude is 6.93 in the Eastern lowlands and 7.2 in the Danubian lowlands. The shortest drought duration recorded is three months (2008), and the longest is eight months (2019). Peak drought magnitude (8.16) occurred in 2011, with the lowest (5.5) in 2010. Drought intensity averaged 1.23, peaking at 2.04 in 2008 and dropping to 0.80 in 2012. The Danubian lowlands recorded the highest intensity (2.6) in 2011 and 2014, and the lowest (0.99) in 2009. These findings underscore the urgent need for adaptive strategies to protect agriculture and ecosystems from climate-change-induced drought impacts.