The Fayoum Depression (FD) is considered one of the world's oldest agricultural cities and the most fertile agrarian terrain in Egypt. The topography of FD is comparable to that of Egypt, with Qarun Lake situated on Fayoum's northern coastline, resembling Egypt's northern border with the Mediterranean Sea, and the Bahr Yusuf Canal, referred to as FD's backbone, being akin to Egypt's Nile River. This article discusses the cultivated, tree, and weed flora composition of the plants growing in four common gardens in the FD (Fayoum University Gardens—FUGs, Fayoum Plantation International Garden—FPIG, Fayoum Governorate Club—FGC, and Fayoum Zoo—FZ). Two hundred sixteen species and one hundred fifty-one genera representing 58 plant families have been identified. Asteraceae, Moraceae, and Fabaceae are the richest families of the region's floristic composition. Unexpectedly, perennial species (81%) were dominant over annual species (19%). This is a prominent feature in the FD, where perennial species may be more tolerant of climatic changeability than annual species. Six life form categories were found; Phanerophytes (46.5%) were the most common life form, followed by Hemicryptophytes (38%). Furthermore, there were four primary phytogeographical plant groups: worldwide, bi-regional, pluri-regional, and mono-regional. The largest participation rates were seen in the bi-regional and mono-regional categories, with 21% and 53%, respectively. Twenty-seven species (13%) were found to be native to the Saharo-Arabian region. The current results of the flora survey include information on the life form, chorology, and lifespan of the area's wild and cultivated plants, as well as information on their collection, identification, and documentation.

During the process of germination, seeds use up their protein reserves and experience various physiological and biochemical changes, leading to stress. This study examined the impact of Abscisic acid (ABA) and nanoparticle treatments on the regeneration of proteins consumed during the germination of alfalfa seedlings, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes in germinating seeds. Specific antioxidant enzymes play crucial roles in plant growth and development at different stages of growth and conditions. Alfalfa seeds were germinated and treated with Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and activated charcoal after 48 hours of germination. The protein was extracted from seedlings that were 5, 7, and 10 days old. The analysis showed that the seedlings treated with ABA and TiO2 had a higher protein content than other treatments but lower than dry seed, which serves as a control. An SDS-PAGE examination revealed the reappearance of some protein bands in seedlings treated with ABA and TiO2 after 5, 7, and 10 days of germination. The activities of catalase and peroxidase showed an increase as the seedlings grew older and were shown to be higher in seedlings treated with ABA and TiO2. The findings of our study indicate that the application of ABA and TiO2 alters the expression of proteins and increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes in young alfalfa seedlings, perhaps leading to an enhanced ability to withstand stress. These discoveries have implications for the growth of young plants and the enhancement of agricultural yields.

A diverse range of Hoya R. Br. species, known as wax plants, thrive in the Philippines, showcasing the country's rich ecological diversity. The reproductive success of these taxa is closely tied to their floral attributes, which play a significant role in attracting pollinators and influencing ecological interactions. Understanding these variations in floral display size can provide insights into the adaptability, evolutionary relationships, and potential for hybridization of these species. This study aimed to explore the variations in floral display size across 30 Hoya accessions from the Philippines. Inflorescence length and width were measured using a metric ruler, and statistical analyses, including one-way ANOVA and UPGMA clustering with Euclidean distances in PAST version 4.03, were carried out. Significant differences were found in the quantitative parameters (p < 0.05). Distance coefficients ranged from 0.46 to 122.43, with the lowest coefficient indicating a significant resemblance in the size of flower displays between Hoya sp. Quezon and Hoya sp. Sibuyan. This close similarity suggests potential genetic affinity or shared ecological adaptations that may indicate similar environmental pressures shaping floral morphology. The highest coefficient noted between Hoya sp. Sindangan and Hoya multiflora Sablan, highlighting their significant disparity in floral display sizes, could reflect distinct evolutionary trajectories possibly driven by specialized ecological niches. The phenogram analysis based on floral display size identified clusters influenced by factors such as inflorescence complexity, corolla characteristics, and individual flower sizes. These clusters suggest shared reproductive strategies and pollinator interactions among grouped species, aiding in precise species classification and targeted conservation strategies. Understanding these floral variations enhances our grasp of morphological diversity within the genus, facilitating future taxonomic revisions and guiding conservation efforts in the Philippines.

The cultivation of (Vitis vinifera L.) is well rooted in the traditions of the Maghrebian peasant populations in general and Moroccan in particular, it is the result of the ancient tradition of the cultivation of the vine in the country, which began in the Roman period. Grapevine varieties are characterized by significant variability in seed and leaf morphology, they are generally used to describe V. vinifera varieties.

The present study aims to evaluate the diversity of 27 autochthonous Moroccan grapevines, via the ampelometric and the linear morphometric traits. We sampled 270 grapevine seeds and 270 leaves belonging to the Moroccan varieties. The study is undertaken using 7 characters of linear morphometry. According to the leaves, 9 ampelometric traits were established following the OIV.

An ANOVA test is performed to highlight the most discriminating parameters. However, a principal component analysis (PCA) has allowed the morphometric parameters of the seeds to group the majority of the Middle and High Atlas varieties, while the parameters relating to the leaves have allowed the varieties from the Western Rif to be grouped. The results obtained from the different populations of seeds and leaves of autochthonous varieties of Morocco confirmed that the set of morphometric measurements used have an undeniable discriminating power and showed the presence of an important variability not only inter-varietal but also intra-varietal of the studied varieties. However, it has been inferred that seed and leaf parameters are weakly correlated, so it's important to carry out both complementary studies.

Epiphytic bryophytes, which inhabit the branches and trunks of trees, play a salient role in the forest ecosystem. Their substantial biomass and ability to maintain canopy moisture contribute significantly to ecological functions. They serve as indicators of forest succession dynamics and helps to compensate for nitrogen loss in forest environments. By colonizing tree bark, they retain and intercept water, providing favourable conditions for subsequent epiphytic vascular plants. The present study aimed to explore the floristic diversity of epiphytic bryophytes of the Western Himalayas, India. A thorough survey was carried out during the winter season (November, 2023) across various sites within the study area, encompassing a range of elevation gradients. Different host tree species were selected through stratified random sampling with strata classified into tree base, lower and upper trunk, and lower and upper crown. Epiphytic bryophyte samples were collected by employing 10x10 cm² quadrats. The samples were stored in zip lock bags and brought to the laboratory for further identification. The study revealed a remarkable diversity of epiphytic bryophytes in the Western Himalayan region. A total of 99 epiphytic bryophyte species distributed in 67 genera and 35 families were recorded. Among the 35 families, 28 families belong to mosses and seven families belong to the liverworts. The dominant families were Meteoriaceae and Mniaceae. On the contrary, only one species was recorded from Bruchiaceae, Leucodontaceae, Leucomiaceae, Orthostichellaceae, Pterobryaceae, Ptychomniaceae, Regmatodontaceae, Rhytidiaceae, Scapaniaceae, Sematophyllaceae, Cryphaeacae, and Lesakeaceae. Moreover, Quercus and Rhododendron tree species were found to have the most diverse epiphytic bryophytes. This research observed a diverse array of epiphytic bryophytes, reflecting rich ecological complexity and providing various ecosystem services. Additionally, the study contributes to the Western Himalayan bryophyte flora and provides baseline data for future ecological and biodiversity conservation.

The presence of brackish and alkaline environments allows for the settlement of highly adapted flora in and around Lake Texcoco, a relict of the lake ecosystems in central Mexico. The lake's biodiversity, in particular its flora, shows a particular composition. In recent years, the conservation of this Ramsar wetland of international importance has increased, but the knowledge of the aquatic plants and their communities that inhabit this wetland is limited. For this reason, in this research study, we compiled the available literature published from 1957 to 2021 that includes major mentions of hydrophytes records in the lake. A floristic review was generated, with a richness of 97 species, of which 40 are strictly aquatic, 23 semi-aquatic and 34 tolerant. Of these species, 23 are considered halophytes, 46 are freshwater plants and 28 are tolerant to salinity. Some of these species exist only in brackish wetlands; thus, in Mexico’s central basin, they occur only in Lake Texcoco. Also, we found seventy-three native species—eight endemic and one under a national protection category—and sixteen alien species, of which six are invasive. This floristic compilation is proposed as a reference for future works on the diversity and conservation of aquatic plants in this lake remnant to increase the knowledge of a rare and threatened ecosystem in central Mexico.

Ferns form a vital component of the vegetation of the Indian Central Himalayas (ICH). Comprehending winter-specific fern diversity is essential for understanding their adaptive strategies and informing conservation initiatives. This study aims to evaluate fern diversity in relation to soil attributes within the moist temperate deciduous forest of the ICH during the winter season, providing insights into the ecological dynamics and conservation status of ferns.

A comprehensive survey was conducted across various habitats in the ICHs during November, 2023. Stratified random sampling ensured coverage of multiple microhabitats, including forest undergrowth, riverbanks, and shaded rocky areas. Fern specimens were collected and identified using morphological traits, with herbarium consultations for verification. Soil samples were taken from fern locations, and parameters such as soil pH, moisture, electrical conductivity, and elemental composition were analysed to assess their correlation with fern distribution. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to identify patterns in fern diversity and ecological preferences.

The survey recorded 23 fern species from 16 genera and six families, with Polypodiaceae and Pteridaceae being the most dominant despite seasonal constraints. Fern diversity peaked in shaded and moist microhabitats with slightly acidic soil (pH 5.08-6.20). Statistical analyses revealed a strong correlation between soil moisture, nutrient availability, and fern diversity, underscoring the importance of hydrological factors in winter fern distribution.

This study highlights the resilience and adaptability of ferns in the ICH during the winter season. The findings stress the importance of specific microhabitats and soil characteristics in supporting fern diversity under seasonal climatic constraints. Conservation strategies should focus on these key habitats to preserve fern diversity. Further research is recommended to investigate the phenological and physiological adaptations of ferns across different seasons, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of their ecological dynamics.

Genus Thymus consists of around 250 species known for their therapeutic properties: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and carminative. Twenty-one species occur naturally in Bulgaria, with eight belonging to the section Hyphodromi: Bulgarian endemics: T. jalasianus Stoyanov & Marinov. and T. perinicus (Velen.) Jalas; Balkan endemics: T. aznavourii Velen. T. compus Friv.; T. atticus Čelak (sub-endemic), as well as T. leucotrichus Halácsy T. striatus Vahl. and T. zygioides Griseb., all widespread. Due to the species’ limited distribution and the overall complexity of the genus, extensive studies are lacking. Rosmarinic acid is a phenolic compound with highly valued biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Many thyme species are reported to be sources of this polyphenol, showcasing their potential beneficial properties. This study aimed to estimate the rosmarinic acid content by a quick, accurate, and readily available method such as HPTLC in the methanolic extract of the Thymus species section Hyphodromi distributed in Bulgaria. Plant materials were collected from the natural localities of the studied taxa. The quantification of rosmarinic content was achieved using HPTLC silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plates. The mobile phase was chloroform/ethyl acetate/formic acid (50:40:10). The compounds were visualized by spraying with ‘Naturstoffreagenz A’ reagent. The fluorescence emission of rosmarinic acid was recorded under UV radiation at 336 nm, using a digital camera. The images were analyzed by QuantiScan 2.1 Biosoft software. The results shows that the content varied between 1.20 and 2.50 μg/g dry weight. Thymus atticus and T. jalasianus extracts were found to be the richest sources of rosmarinic acid, while those of T. comptus, T. aznavouiri, and T. striatus showed moderate levels. The obtained data showed Thymus atticus and T. jalasianus as promising for cultivation when plant material with a high rosmarinic acid content is needed.

Aegilops species are distributed all around the world and successfully grow in regions suffering from severe heat, drought, diseases, and nutrient deficiency and toxicity. With their good adaptation to challenging environments and due to their being one of the closest relatives of modern wheat, they can be efficiently utilized for wheat improvement towards biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Several studies have reported the presence of beneficial traits, such as higher nutrient content, resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus, cereal aphid, Hessian fly, powdery mildew, and rust, as well as tolerance to abiotic stresses including salinity, drought, heat, etc., in different Aegilops sp. to facilitate modern wheat breeding. However, limited reports are available on the boron toxicity tolerance of Aegilops species. Boron toxicity stress restricts wheat agricultural production in different parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, including Turkiye. The stress largely affects the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms in plants, consequently reducing their growth and yield. Here, we report the diversity of different Aegilops species grown under high-boron growth conditions, focusing on their physiological and biochemical responses. It is extremely important to discuss and decipher how and why Aegilops can be a potential source of boron toxicity tolerance so that these species can be effectively used in future breeding programs targeting this agricultural problem.

Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the TUBITAK 1001 (No. 119O455) project for the funding provided to conduct this research work.

The genus Annona is a genus of flowering plants in the sugar apple family, Annonaceae. It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria, containing approximately 166 species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs. It is a traditional food plant in Africa. There have been some taxonomic difficulties in identifying the species within this genus using morphological traits alone. To understand the taxonomic affinity of this genus, there is a need for molecular discrimination. This study was therefore designed to check the possibilities of molecular markers in identifying the species within the genus Annona.
Thirty-three sequences (33), which represents three barcode loci (matK, rbcL and trnL), were retrieved from the NCBI website. They were combined and aligned using the ClustalW component in MEGA 11 software. The aligned sequences were evaluated, and this provided the genetic characteristics, match identification rate, barcoding gaps, haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversities of the markers. A phylogenetic tree was also constructed using the Neighbor-Joining tree-based method of MEGA 11.
The results showed the number of variable sites for all single and combined markers ranging from 2 (trnL) to 1077 (matK+trnL+rbcL) and the Parsimony informative sites ranging from 2 (rbcL) to 630 (matK+trnL+rbcL). The average intraspecific distance was discovered to be zero (0) for all single and combined markers, while the interspecific distance ranged from 0.002 (rbcL) to 0.990 (matK+trnL+rbcL). The results of this study showed that matK+trnL had the highest for best match (71.42%), while matK had the highest value for the best close match (38.46%). The phylogenetic tree generated revealed that only three species (Annona glabra, A. sengalensis and A. stenophylla ) are paraphylletic