For the way to a smart and green urban society, sanitation is an important concern. Currently, using toilets is neither smart nor green. Every flush of common toilets sends about 13 - 16 liters of fresh water to wastewater treatment centers. These processes require 3 – 15 kWh for treating just one cubic meter of wastewater. Another problem is the mixing of urine and feces from the source, necessitating wastewater treatment. This treatment leads to the waste of a high amount of valuable nutrients in the urine, and causes many environmental problems. Also due to common technical water supply problems such as pipe blockage, current toilet systems are not funtional in disasters or other emergency situations. However, many of these problems can be solved using smarter designs. In this study, innovative designs have been suggested for toilet systems. These designs use less or no water for reducing water consumption, apply systems such as bi-sloped conveyor belts to separate the urine and feces into two different tanks with biological digestion processes, improve flushing systems using alternative methods to reduce pipe blockage potential, and use special light and handy toilet seats for sanitation in emergency. Following these designs, new products have been made in lab scale to prove that these innovative technologies can reduce water and energy consumption, thereby taking positive steps towards building smarter and greener cities in the future.

The impacts of climate change on urban flood, urban heat island and lack of farmland according to rapid urbanization are expected to widespread and severely influencing to socioeconomic conditions. The green roof system within cities is now recognized as a means of alternative solution to urban flood, heat island phenomenon and producing food. In this study, the concave green roof and normal roof are compared on the #35 building in Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. The objective of this study is to validate effect of (1) urban flood mitigation, (2) reducing urban heat island and (3) producing food. For the effect of urban flood mitigation, the concave green roof system retains and stores the rainwater in soil and 10cm side wall. The concave green roof system of which area is 140m² showed effect of flood mitigation reducing peak flow quantity of 56%, peak time delay of 3 hours and storing rainwater of 10~40 ton. For the effect of urban heat island mitigation, the temperature difference of 27 °C was monitored comparing to the normal roof. For urban agriculture, this green roof (420 m²) is managed over 30 households near campus. In this roof garden, various types of crops (e.g., vegetable, root crops, and fruits) are achievable. Also, this can make contribution to local citizen food security and social community development. Many creative and innovative activities were made possible at the green roof by the community such as musical concert, community lunch, green product donation movement, etc.By applying green roof system on the buildings, without destroying existing urban infrastructure, there will be environmental & economic benefits and place for urban farming can be secured where people can improve not only their food self-sufficiency but also social community activities. Thus, Based on this successful project, Seoul Metropolitan Government is planning to make a guideline for green roof promotion.

The "Garden City" concept has been the main planning concept that drives Singapore's urban development for the past five decades. This has led to a remarkably green city despite it being a high-density city. As of 2012, Singapore's National Parks Board manages approximately 2,850 hectares of parks, and based on future land use plan, it is expected that more parks will be added over the next two decades. This is also supported by Sustainable Singapore Blueprint 2015, a long term strategic and sustainable development plan in which urban greenery has been given prominence. It aims to bring green spaces nearer to people through a national park provision target of 0.8 hectare of park area per 1,000 people, and by planning parks to be within 10 minutes-walk from homes. While this is highly commendable, it is also necessary to consider where parks are distributed in relation to socio-demographic profile, i.e., to consider if there are current issues on unequal distribution of parks. This is currently an unknown area in park planning in Singapore, and falls within the emerging area of spatial equity, which traditionally has focused on "environment bads" but is now increasingly applied to "environmental goods". Green spatial equity is a broad term that considers the distribution of green spaces such that the benefits of green spaces are provided where needs are the strongest. In this study, we examined correlations between key social demographic profile (population, population density, income, types of home ownership) of planning units at two spatial scales to understand spatial distribution of parks in relation to needs. Through the use of spatial analysis in GIS, we report on several novel findings of distinct parks distribution pattern and gaps of parks provision between different social demographic groups, examined in two planning scales. This findings highlight that local park planning need to consider the effects of scale, and to correct for apparent unequal distribution of parks in Singapore. Our results can provide the foundation to explore urban interventions that are able to promote more equitable distribution of a key public amenity of importance to livability in Singapore.

As the capital of China for 10 dynasties, Nanjing has experienced urban development in parallel to the construction of city wall-canal system for thousand years. However, the historic city wall- canal system which used to be the protective border of the city is now subject to the erosion of public space along it. Thus it leads to many problems, such as culture recession, river pollution, urban flooding due to the malfunction of sewage infrastructure, community segregation on two sides of the city wall-canal system. Accordingly, on urban level, five types of green belts as the green infrastructure are proposed in this paper to re-stitch the city wall-canal system for retarding urban sprawl and restoring historic context. Additionally, eastern water gate area of the city wall-canal system is an important waterway transportation junction and the facility center for water exchange and flood control. On local level, urban surgery is conducted in “ cut-removal-suture-growth” sequence. This paper also probes into the hydrological and urban issues of this area specifically regarding storm water and flood management, rain-water harvesting system as well as urban renewal, thus proposing 3 strategies: the extension of Fuzi Temple shopping center, facilitation of water exchange in eastern water gate area and improvement of community rain-water harvesting. In detail, the community adjacent to city wall is converted into a green public center integrated with shopping malls, community amenities, rainwater harvesting facilities and urban landscape; and the nearby communities are connected to the city wall-canal system by community canal system, green space, walkways, visual channels through the design of softened river bank, pervasive road surface, biotopes, eco-islands, water purification systems and various community activities, which as a whole form the holistic green infrastructure of the storm water and flood management. The key of above strategies lies in the regenerative design of eastern water gate park which constitutes the monitor and adjustor of Qinhuai river in 4 different phases: low water period, high water period, potential flood period, potential heavy rainfall period. On the one hand, the city wall walkways are integrated with water processing facilities including purification pipes, silt sieves, sedimentation ponds, wetland cells, infiltration ponds, oxygen basins, siphon pumps which as a whole control and manage flood and storm water. On the other hand, the archaic beauty and the historic scenes are presented just like the outdoor museum as people are walking down the walkways on top of the city walls. This green archival linkage further connects the communities on double sides to each other in every sense. Based on that, there form nine water processing systems in this area in total by which water confluences into the flood detention area in the nearby wetland park for further sedimentation, bio-purification and supplement to underground water storage.

Cycling is a promising zero-emission mode in the mobility domain globally. In Seoul however, only 2.58% of trips are by cycle in 2012 despite krw 74.6 billion investment from 2008 to 2012 by Seoul Metropolitan Government. The number of bicycle users increased rapidly over a decade but this has mainly been for leisure activities. This obviously reflects the limitations of the existing cycling system regarding travel times, distances and safety, as well as the dominant mobility culture. Considering that most travel in Seoul is for the purpose of commuting, it is highly desirable for a sustainable city to make cycling a key mode for commuting. This paper contributes to explore urban mobility transitions in an Asian megacity context. It analyzes the transition dynamics of the cycling system in Seoul from a socio-technical system viewpoint, drawing on the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) and its phase model to capture the current limits and potentials of cycling as an important future commuting mode. The main drivers and barriers of a system transition are identified, considering niche, regime and landscape interactions. Based on the findings, the paper then suggests alternative approaches in policy and planning to foster the use of cycling as a commuting mode. In conclusion, electric bicycles and mobile phone applications are highlighted as important technology niches to overcome certain barriers. But also infrastructure improvements like the public transport transfer system and/or bicycle parking lots need to contribute to boost the modal share of cycling. Most importantly, however, various social and institutional aspects including user preferences, market mechanisms, policies, practices and cultures play a crucial role to promote and accelerate a transition in the cycling system.

The quest of today for more sustainable management of water asks to look for alternative arrangements where decentralized systems are also included. As the studies on the model of Integrated Water Management (IWM) have extensively discussed, a sustainable system of water has to be ‘in tune’ with the local resources. This implies that both local spatial conditions on the one side, and the citizens and/or local communities on the other, should be engaged. It follows that, in the ‘decentralized thinking’, acquiring knowledge about the local ecosystem is a real need. In this regard, there are evidences that an essential source of information is the inhabitant’s thick deposit of knowledge that results from the everyday experience of the space. Moreover, if design methods like the Water Sensitive Design provide tools to integrate the local spatial conditions in the new systems, motivations from individuals and/or local communities to actually take care of these systems have to be further understood. All this should go hand in hand with a true process of democratization, accountability, and citizens’ empowerment.           Participatory practices, combining survey and design processes, trigger community self learning and capacity building, and inform at the same time challenging visions for real alternatives and place based design solutions. On one side, community mapping and landscape readings are today tackling urban designers in raising the level of the socio ecological questions. On the other hand, placing the citizens at the centre of the design process, as a proactive actors, and not exclusively as end users, it means to develop collaborative tools in systemic design, realization and maintenance. Moreover, co-design can rely on the sense of place belonging, and therefore have an impact in terms of social behaviours. This paper looks at the IWM model from the perspective of co-design, an ultimate tool for citizen’s engagement. In order to further understand whether co-design can actually favour the implementation of decentralized systems of water, a few well-known cases of participation in water sensitive design are discussed and confronted considering process-related and water sensitive aspects.While these examples can be found in both contexts of the global North and South, and there is a vast literature on the interwoven of participative practices and IWM and decentralized models, a contextual approach to case studies is here proposed for enlighten the significance of co design, and its contribution in the current design practice.

As University Campuses worldwide are striving to become more sustainable and resource efficient, some are beginning to also develop the concept of the Edible Campus, which includes implementing spaces to grow food within the University Grounds. These initiatives are first and foremost to provide the users with healthy and sustainable food, but also to educate the University population about the production of food and the resources involved. Producing food on a campus not only reduces the food print, that is the energy that is required to bring the food from distant fields to the plate, but also allows more efficient resource use and recycling, for example the recycling of organic waste as compost and the use of grey water in irrigation. Dormant lands – green fields – can be used to produce crops, and decorative landscapes can be converted into productive landscapes with food and medicinal plants. Edible boulevards are constructed with fruit bearing trees, and can still have urban and climatic functions of providing shade. A permaculture approach to food production can also contribute to increasing biodiversity on the campus, with careful combinations of plants that repel harmful insects but attracts multiple species. So, How can the concept of Edible Campus be applied in Qatar and the Gulf Region, in a dry land climate? This research looks at the different practices and modes of producing food in dry lands and proposes an application at Qatar University campus. It builds on previous research on Food Urbanism in Doha, and on a prototype Edible Boulevard and Edible Rooftop Garden being implemented at the College of Engineering.

（Dear IFoU, Thank you for your help, and here is the new proposal. Look forward to your feedbacks and thank you again.）

In the field of Smart & Green Urban Society，Public participation is a necessary means of spatial benefits distribution and social consensus formation. Due to the high economic value, social attention and complexity of property rights, some heritage area planning first started seeking help of public participation. The research takes Zhuguo Old City in Shandong province as an example, to explore solutions to the coordination of some tough questions such as demolition, farmer employment and distribution of tourism benefits. And it is trying to make recommendations for platform organization, regional guidelines establishment and legal procedures optimization of public participation in heritage area. Known as the "the Hometown of Confucius and Mencius", Zhuguo Old City is located in the territory of Zou City, which is a National Historical City. It is listed as a National City Relics project, and is overlapping with Yishan National Parks, and is covered with three villages. This study put public participation into practice and share planning rights in three levels, which is informing, consulting and collaboration. In addition, the study makes a comparison of relevant legal procedures and institutional settings between China and western countries, indicating the value and defect of autonomous way of Chinese traditional communities. Conclusions: first, in a heritage area with rapid tourism development, the introduction of public aspirations and social capital into planning can make an inventory of land assets efficiently, improve social benefits, as well as facilitate the implementation of planning. Second, planning practices, legal procedures and regional guidelines need to promote mutually, in order to achieve a more flexible social governance objective. Third, due to natural community properties in Chinese rural areas, the transition from event-based temporary participation to contract-based village autonomy will be a proper response to the endogenous order in a village.

Extreme auto dependency, and consequent congestion issues are increasingly exacerbating the urban environments in the metropolitan Cairo region; overshadowing the total quality of life; physical, social and psychological. It has become inevitable to utilize human centric mobility modes such as bicycling, to create an "active environment" through motivating non-motorized design concepts, which will alter the lives of the city's residents. Transportation, urban planning and public health would be greatly enhanced by adopting bikeablity street design infrastructure interventions, especially in a historic urban fabric. Cairo, is an eligible city (with roots to the beginning of civilization) to examine the possibilities of transforming it into an -active city- with active citizens. Therefore, more research needs to be directed towards methodologies on how to transform existing streets of greater Cairo, to adopt the active design concept. This paper will discuss and analyze the urban fabric typologies in the context of Cairo with a specific number of categories, and show existing problems, potentials to utilize form-based codes, and linking it to its current congestion problems and auto-dependency. Based on that, it will present possible bicycle infrastructure solutions within the chaotic behavior pattern and transportation grid to promote human-powered mobility interventions. The outcome is in the form of an analysis of urban street types, and how they can be transformed to promote bicycle urbanism by design.

Since designated as a hub city of Asian Culture by Korean Government in 2004, Gwangju has witnessed many urban regeneration projects in the last ten years. Those projects vary in terms of not only the size of area and the main character but the entity and the process of initiation and implementation, and the degree of civic participation. This study intends to examine the characteristics of urban regeneration projects in Gwangju initiated from early 2000s by comparison from a perspective of collaborative governance and public-private partnership in order to promote a vision for sustainable and smart urban regeneration. The aim of this study is to propose strategies and visions for construction of the urban governing regime by assessing urban regeneration projects and examining characteristics of governance to which has recently been paid attention in order to tackle the urban decline problems. For this study, first of all, the backgrounds and the needs of smart and sustainable governance for urban regeneration will be examined by reviewing the literature and making comparisons among various urban renewal projects in Gwangju. As a case study, we will investigate some applicable techniques for successful regeneration projects to a local city, Gwangju, and explore possible alternatives to apply systematic and smart governance strategies to the city for private-public partnership. In particular for an analytic study, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method will be applied to the survey of experts' evaluation items and important factors. From this study, we will search the relationship between the main focus of governance based on private-public partnership and accountability and leadership of local government for implementation of regeneration strategies. In addition, we will examine the degree of importance of the organization of stable and permanent governance network. Also legal and institutional support as well as visions and passions of participants and stake-holders will be assessed as critical factors for smart and efficient governance based upon private-public collaboration.