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Development of a portable electrochemical platform with chip-integrated gold electrodes for detection of pharmaceutical pollutants
1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 1 , * 1
1  REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249- 015 Porto, Portugal
2  International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
Academic Editor: Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault

Abstract:

Electrochemical portable sensing systems can offer a viable solution in the analysis of environmental contaminants due to the down-size capability of the electronic components and, overall, to the simplicity of the detection principles. In the present work, a new electrochemical portable platform (EPP) with miniaturized chip-integrated gold electrodes was developed and applied for the determination of the drug acetaminophen (APAP) as a model analyte. The produced miniaturized chip-integrated gold electrodes were firstly characterized via atomic force and scanning electron microscopy, integrated in the EPP and subsequently the complete set-up was tested for electrochemical detection of APAP. The results showed adequate performance of the developed EPP when compared to a traditional electrochemical system under optimal conditions (pH 8, deposition potential 0.1 V, deposition time 240 s and scan rate of 50 mV.s-1), with a sensitivity of 1.6 μA.mM-1 and limit of detection of 67 µM. The EPP was validated in river and wastewater samples, achieving recoveries ranging from 93.0 to 96.6%.

Keywords: contaminants of emerging concern; pharmaceuticals; electrochemical portable platform; electroanalysis
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