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New Records of Invasive Calcareous Sponge (Porifera, Calcarea) Heteropia glomerosa on the Coast of São Paulo, Brazil
* 1 , 2 , 1
1  São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
2  Coordenadora do Programa BioGeoMar, Brazil
Academic Editor: Gioele Capillo

Published: 14 October 2024 by MDPI in The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Diversity session Marine Diversity
Abstract:

Calcareous sponges are marine animals that play an important role in the ecology of coastal environments by serving as a substrate and shelter for several small invertebrates, as well as being crucial in the uptake of dissolved organic matter in reef systems, making them available in the form of particulate organic matter. Due to the subsampling and the limited number of specialists around the world, understanding the distribution of this class of sponges remains a persistent challenge. Throughout the Western Atlantic, the Caribbean sea, expected as a hotspot region for many marine taxa, is still poorly understood concerning the diversity and distribution of the class Calcarea, with the Brazilian coast being the region with the highest number of described species. Despite this, there are still large areas of the Brazilian coastline that need investigation. In this work, we present preliminary data from our exploration in one such area, where the presence of the invasive Heteropia glomerosa was observed on different beaches along the coastline of São Paulo, including São Sebastião (Toque Toque Pequeno Beach), Ilhabela (Beach of Pedras Miúdas), and Ubatuba (Saco da Ribeira). Notably, a specimen was living associated to a native sea squirt, Phallusia nigra, demonstrating a strong ecological interaction of the invasive sponge to local fauna. All records herein are from previously unrecorded beaches, which is an advancement in understanding the invasion biology of these animals along the Brazilian coastline. Additionally, the sponges were found on natural substrates, which is noteworthy since previous observations indicated colonization most frequently on artificial substrates, such as ropes and docks. These records from São Paulo demonstrate the potential capacity of this species to colonize the southern coastline and the risk of habitat suppression for indigenous sponges. Further investigations are needed to understand the spread and environmental impacts of these animals, including environmental monitoring over time.

Keywords: Alien species; natural substrate; simbiosis
Comments on this paper
Laura Schejter
"Super interesting! This is the first time I’ve seen a calcareous sponge being an invasive species (Without any doubt, calcareous sponges are quite a challenge, and there are very few specialists in the world). And it seems to adapt very well to local conditions. Do you have records of other invasive sponges in the area and their possible consequences for native species?
Romulo Bazzo
Greetings Laura, in the literature, we do have reports of some species being classified as invasive, especially when a genus is found for the first time in a distant location, adhering to artificial substrates and rapid dissemination due to observations of local specialists. In Brazil, at least three species are recognized as invasive: Heteropia glomerosa, Paraleucilla magna, and Sycettusa hastifera. These records are very recent, and potential impacts on the local fauna are unknown. In our abstract, I emphasize that H. glomerosa was found on a natural substrate, which is unusual for these invasive species, and it might have some impact on the local fauna. However, to confirm this, experiments and monitoring would need to be conducted.

Thank you for your comment. I suggest the following articles:

Lanna, E.; Klautau, M. (2018). Life history and reproductive dynamics of the cryptogenic calcareous sponge Sycettusa hastifera (Porifera, Calcarea) living in tropical rocky shores. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 98(3): 505-514., available online at https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001466

Klautau, M., Cóndor-Luján, B., Azevedo, F., Leocorny, P., Brandão, F. D. A. R., & Cavalcanti, F. F. (2020). Heteropia glomerosa (Bowerbank, 1873) (Porifera, Calcarea, Calcaronea), a new alien species in the Atlantic. Systematics and Biodiversity, 18(4), 362–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2020.1758826

Cavalcanti, F.F.; Padua, A.; Cunha, H.; Halasz, M.; Nikolić, V.; Barreto, S.; Klautau, M. (2020). Population differentiation supports multiple human-mediated introductions of the transatlantic exotic sponge Paraleucilla magna (Porifera, Calcarea). Hydrobiologia. 847: 3571–3590., available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04368-x

"Super interesting! This is the first time I’ve seen a calcareous sponge being an invasive species (Without any doubt, calcareous sponges are quite a challenge, and there are very few specialists in the world). And it seems to adapt very well to local conditions. Do you have records of other invasive sponges in the area and their possible consequences for native species?

Laura Schejter
thank you for your detailed answer!



 
 
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