Cucumber cultivation in greenhouses is a common practice for effective pest control and the maintenance of optimal growing conditions to ensure consistent productivity. The choice of greenhouse covering material is crucial as it affects both the quality and quantity of light that enters the greenhouse. Using unsuitable materials can block essential light needed for crop growth, resulting in reduced yields. Biofertilizers such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offer a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers by enhancing nutrient uptake, conserving water, reducing pesticide use, and lowering carbon emissions. This study aimed to investigate the spectral characteristics of two types of polyethylene (PE) films used as greenhouse covering materials and their effect, individually or when combined with PGPR, on cucumber vegetative growth and fruit production. The assessment of spectral properties revealed that the purple PE film provided higher light transmission, greater total photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and a higher fraction of red light compared to white PE films. Growing plants in this altered lighting condition in the purple PE greenhouses gave rise to more fruits, higher yields, and a greater proportion of marketable fruits. Furthermore, the application of PGPR strains, particularly Staphylococcus sciuri (E2) and Bacillus sp. (P1), significantly boosted yields and fruit quality; this growth promotion was more effective when used in conjunction with purple PE films. The synergistic effect of combining PGPR with purple PE film demonstrated the potential of integrating biological and engineering approaches to achieve sustainable and productive cucumber cultivation.