The rapid rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂₎ concentrations is a double-edged sword for global food and nutrient security, presenting both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, increased CO₂ enhances photosynthetic rates and promotes plant growth, a phenomenon known as the "CO₂ fertilisation effect." This boost in crop biomass and yield is particularly pronounced in C₃ crops such as wheat and rice, with estimates yield increases of up to 24%. However, the benefits come with trade-offs. Elevated CO₂ also alters the nutritional composition of crops, leading to significant reductions in protein and micronutrient concentrations—especially zinc, iron, and other essential nutrients—impacting global food quality. This nutrient dilution substantially threatens the nutritional security of populations relying on staple crops like rice and wheat, potentially exacerbating malnutrition, particularly in developing regions countries.

Furthermore, the impact of rising CO2 on crop yields is complex and influenced by various factors, including temperature, water availability, and nitrogen levels. While some crops respond positively, others may experience a decline in quality and resilience under future climate scenarios. To address these challenges, adaptation strategies such as genetic biofortification, improved crop management practices, and sustainable agricultural techniques are vital. Research aimed at optimising crop performance and nutrient quality under increased CO₂ conditions, as well as developing climate-resilient crop varieties, will be essential for securing global food and nutrient availability in the face of climate change. This abstract examines the dual effect of rising CO₂ on agricultural productivity and nutritional quality, emphasising the need for innovative solutions to protect global food security.