The contamination of aquatic systems by synthetic dyes, such as malachite green, poses significant environmental and health risks due to their toxicity and persistence. In this study, we investigated the catalytic oxidation of malachite green using illite impregnated with iron (Fe) and indium (In) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst was synthesized through a wet impregnation method, ensuring the effective dispersion of metal ions on the illite clay surface. Comprehensive characterization of the material was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) to elucidate its structural, morphological, and chemical properties.

The catalytic oxidation process was evaluated under various conditions, including varying the dye concentration, pH, and reaction temperature, to optimize the degradation efficiency. The Fe/In-illite catalyst achieved a degradation rate of over 97% for malachite green within a short reaction time under the optimal conditions. Kinetic studies revealed a pseudo-first-order reaction mechanism. The dual functionality of iron and indium provided a synergistic effect, enhancing the catalytic activity through effective electron transfer and oxidation pathways.

This work highlights the potential of Fe/In-illite as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly catalyst for the removal of toxic dyes from wastewater. Its application could contribute significantly to sustainable wastewater management and environmental remediation efforts.