Copper, widely recognized for its antimicrobial properties, has proven to be an essential material for reducing environmental contamination and preventing infections. Its antimicrobial action is based on the release of copper ions (Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺), which destroy bacterial membranes and alter proteins and nucleic acids, ultimately resulting in cell death. Compared to other metals such as silver and gold, copper stands out for its high efficacy under various environmental conditions, its sustainability, and its lower cost.
In the hospital setting, copper compounds have been shown to significantly reduce microbial loads on contact surfaces. Notable examples include waiting-room chairs with embedded copper nanoparticles and intravenous pools coated with paints containing copper-structured zeolite particles. In studies conducted in hospital environments, these interventions achieved reductions in viable microorganisms ranging from 50% to 73%, highlighting their effectiveness in preventing healthcare-associated infections, a critical issue in this sector.
Copper-based antimicrobial coatings have also been implemented in confined environments, such as detention cells. In these spaces, where hygiene conditions are limited, surfaces treated with copper-enriched paints achieved bacterial-load reductions ranging from 68% to 87%, including a notable decrease in airborne bacteria. This innovative approach underscores copper's potential to significantly improve sanitary conditions and reduce the spread of infections in environments with challenging maintenance needs.
Moreover, the integration of copper nanoparticles into polymer matrices represents a disruptive advance in the development of antimicrobial materials. These materials not only retain the mechanical properties of the base polymer but also maximize copper’s biocidal effectiveness, providing versatile and durable solutions. In conclusion, copper continues to position itself as a key component in the design of advanced materials. Its applications in coatings, medical devices, and water-treatment systems stand out for their effectiveness and versatility in improving sanitary conditions in critical sectors.
