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Reducing nitrogen and phosphorus for sustainable soilless cultivation of saffron under controlled conditions
1 , 2, 3 , * 1
1  Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino. Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO, 10095, Italy
2  Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO, 10095, Italy
3  Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, Torino, I-10125 Italy.
Academic Editor: Pedro Marques

Abstract:

Crocus sativus L., known for the precious spice of saffron, is a geophyte propagated through underground corms. Corm size influences both spice yield and the production of new corms, as corms below 10 g do not produce flowers in the same year. Saffron is mainly grown in open fields, but there is an increasing interest in growing it under controlled conditions. Precision farming can increase crop productivity, sustainability, and profitability by optimising input use through precise nutrient dosing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of reducing nitrogen and phosphorus levels in soilless saffron cultivation without affecting production and quality. The experiment was carried out in an unheated greenhouse. Corms ≥19 g were planted at the end of the summer in 4 L pots, with one corm per pot, using sterile expanded perlite as the growing medium. Fertigation was applied every two weeks until leaf senescence in spring, using two different solutions: a modified Long-Ashton solution containing 600 μM phosphorus (P) and 2 mM nitrogen (N), and another Long-Ashton solution with half the concentrations of P (300 μM) and N (1 mM). Surveys were conducted on spice yield and quality during the flowering phase, as well as on morphological and physiological parameters along with corm yield during the vegetative phase. The results showed that the reduced concentration of the two macronutrients did not affect the analysed parameters. In both treatments, the spice yield was ~29 mg per corm and its quality was in the category I (ISO 3632). Leaf length (~38 cm), number (~42), and photosynthesis (E= 3.2 mmol m-2 s-1, A= 6.7 µmol m-2 s-1, gs= 174.2 mmol m-2 s-1, Ci= 480.5 ppm) were also not affected. Lastly, corm production was ~5.5 per plant, with an average weight of ~3.2 g. These results are consistent with the fact that corm growth mainly depends on photosynthesis during the winter vegetative phase. Thus, fertiliser reduction could be a viable strategy for sustainable saffron production in soilless systems, potentially reducing environmental impacts and costs without compromising crop quality or yield.

Keywords: Hydroponics; Fertigation; Crop management; Nutrient efficiency; Sustainable agriculture
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