As in many cities worldwide, urbanization in Meknès, Morocco, is rapidly expanding, leading to challenges in land systems, food security, and environmental sustainability. This study explores the role of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in addressing these challenges by analyzing agricultural systems on the city's outskirts. Field surveys were conducted to assess crop cultivation (vegetables, fruits, field crops, and forage) and livestock farming (cattle, sheep, and poultry). Most farms (72%) are large (>5 ha) and managed by experienced farmers (80% aged over 41), with farming motivated by poverty and unemployment. UPA contributes significantly to the local food supply and economic development by creating jobs and providing fresh produce through short and direct marketing channels. Additionally, UPA promotes environmental sustainability by utilizing animal by-products as organic compost and fertilizers. However, UPA in Meknès faces several challenges, such as urban encroachment on fertile land, high agricultural input costs, and price volatility. The findings underscore the importance of integrating UPA into urban development plans to safeguard agricultural land and support sustainable farming practices. Recommendations are provided to ensure the resilience of peri-urban agricultural systems in the context of rapid urbanization.