Introduction

Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS) is the prevalent acute paralytic neuropathy, occurring in around 100,000 individuals worldwide annually. It presents in various clinical forms, with 20–30% of patients experiencing respiratory failure. Established infectious causes are Campylobacter jejuni, Zika virus, and SARS-CoV-2, with molecular mimicry that triggers autoimmunity being common. Evidence is accumulating, pointing toward a link between GBS and novel viruses like Oropouche virus (OROV). Yet, differences in access to treatment and the heterogeneity of clinical presentation make diagnosis and management challenging.

Methodology

Recent clinical studies have underscored the necessity of more sensitive diagnostic procedures to address unusual GBS presentations. Diagnostic procedures like lumbar puncture and nerve conduction tests are essential, particularly in unusual presentations such as GBS linked with multiple myeloma (MM), whose symptoms can resemble bortezomib-induced neuropathy. Retrospective studies, such as one of 210 OROV-related GBS cases, help understand patterns of disease.

Results

Our results show that OROV infection has no notable impact on the severity of GBS disease or clinical outcomes. Poor prognosis is predicted by advanced age, the need for mechanical ventilation, and swift disease progression. Electrophysiological markers—such as diminished compound muscle action potentials and delayed F-wave latencies—additionally stratify patient outcomes.

Conclusion

Innovations in complement inhibitors and disease-modifying therapies are promising in current trials. International collaborative research is important for biomarker development and optimizing therapeutic approaches. Bridging global inequities in access to care continues to be an urgent priority to limit long-term disability from GBS.