Introduction:
Cognitive decline is a growing public health concern in Brazil due to its rapidly aging population. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), individuals aged 60 and over represented 14.7% of the population in 2022, with projections indicating this figure will reach 25.5% by 2060. Epidemiological data suggest that up to 20% of Brazilians over 60 experience some form of cognitive impairment, with approximately 7% meeting the criteria for dementia (Alzheimer’s Disease International, 2021).

Methods:
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using national health survey data (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, PNS, 2019) and secondary sources, including DATASUS and IBGE demographic projections. The prevalence rates of cognitive impairment were analyzed by age group, sex, region, and educational level. The statistical analysis included chi-square tests for categorical variables and logistic regression for risk factor associations.

Results:
The prevalence of self-reported cognitive decline increased significantly with age, affecting 4.1% of individuals aged 60–69 and 12.7% of those over 80. Women reported higher rates of cognitive complaints (9.8%) compared to men (6.3%). Lower educational levels were strongly associated with increased cognitive decline (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.8–2.9). Regional disparities were evident, with higher prevalence in the North and Northeast regions.

Conclusions:
Cognitive decline among older adults in Brazil presents significant social and health system challenges. Educational attainment and regional inequality are key determinants of cognitive health. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions, early screening programs, and greater investment in geriatric care infrastructure, particularly in underserved regions.