Climate change is a global problem driven by rapidly rising greenhouse-gas emissions. In 2024 the planet registered the warmest year in the instrumental record and 2015–2024 was the warmest decade; warming is intensifying heavy precipitation and “fire weather,” while reducing snow and ice and accelerating permafrost thaw. Glaciers are losing mass at a globally significant and faster rate—about 273 ± 16 Gt of ice per year from 2000–2023, with ~36% faster loss in 2012–2023 than in 2000–2011—contributing to sea-level rise and altering seasonal water supplies. These signals are expanding glacial lakes, amplifying short-duration downpours, and raising flood and landslide risk. Although Pakistan emits well under 1% of global greenhouse gases, it is highly exposed. In the north, Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) sits in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya, where a warmer, wetter monsoon is heightening cloudburst and glacial-lake outburst flood (GLOF) hazards. In 2025 alone, a 21 July cloudburst along Babusar Road caused at least five deaths, fifteen missing, and four injuries; a late-July flood cut the Danyore–Sultanabad canal; a predawn 11 August landslide killed seven volunteers repairing the channel; Shishper-fed flows damaged protective works and the Karakoram Highway; and on 22–23 August a major GLOF Event hits Raoshan village and dammed the Ghizer River, forming a ~7 km temporary lake and forcing evacuations.
To match global fairness with local protection, we propose a dual track. Mitigation targets the biggest, fastest levers—coal phase-down, system-wide efficiency, rapid methane and HFC cuts, and black-carbon abatement from diesel, brick kilns, cookstoves, and open burning—to limit further heating that drives cloudbursts and ice loss. Adaptation prioritizes measures communities can run and maintain: finish early-warning coverage with monthly drills and last-mile redundancy (sirens plus mosque/FM alerts); treat canals, bridges, and access roads as critical infrastructure (armoring, debris screens, bypass valves, prepositioned quick-repair kits); enforce no-build flow corridors; and deploy site-specific controls at choke points (controlled lake drawdown via spillways or gravity siphons, debris-flow barriers, bridge-abutment hardening, and culverts sized to 1-hour extremes). GB should maintain an up-to-date glacial-lake inventory, classify potentially dangerous lakes, and proactively lower volumes at critical sites. New operational ideas include valley micro-bund networks optimized with drone/DEM mapping and participatory flow-path walks; a shared Nowcast & Lake-Watch data commons; parametric early-action financing tied to sub-daily rainfall or discharge thresholds; and “bridge-as-spillway” retrofits with safe-to-fail culverts. Provide shelter for impacted people. Together, these actions convert warnings into avoided losses while aligning rapid global emissions cuts with practical, locally maintainable protection for front-line communities.
