Abstract

Introduction:
The integration of nanosensors into modern energy systems is recognized as a transformative innovation aimed at enhancing system safety, reliability, and operational performance. These nanoscale devices offer real-time monitoring capabilities which are critical for early fault detection and the proactive management of energy infrastructure. Their deployment across various energy technologies—including photovoltaic (PV) modules, hydrogen storage units, and advanced batteries—has prompted a need to examine their effectiveness and integration strategies.

Methods:
This study presents a focused framework that synthesizes findings from recent experimental and simulation-based literature. Key nanosensor materials such as carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, and nanowires are evaluated in terms of their sensitivity, selectivity, and structural resilience. Case studies across PV, hydrogen, and battery systems are reviewed, and the role of self-powered nanosensors (e.g., triboelectric and piezoelectric types) is assessed. The integration of these sensors with Internet of Things (IoT) platforms for real-time data acquisition and anomaly detection is also investigated.

Results:
Nanosensors embedded in PV systems effectively detect thermal anomalies and material fatigue, enabling predictive maintenance and improved efficiency. In hydrogen storage and battery systems, early identification of gas leakage and electrolyte breakdown is achieved, minimizing safety hazards. Self-powered nanosensors have demonstrated potential for deployment in remote and wireless energy networks. Integration with IoT infrastructure has enabled enhanced data processing, real-time alerts, and automated fault response, improving system resilience and operational control.

Conclusion:
Nanosensor integration has been shown to significantly contribute to the advancement of smart, secure, and sustainable energy systems. By focusing on specific applications and implementation models, this study underscores the potential of nanosensor-enabled monitoring to revolutionize energy infrastructure. Future research is recommended to address remaining challenges related to sensor durability, power management, and standardized deployment protocols