Micro- and nanoplastic pollution has emerged as a critical environmental issue over the past decades, with pervasive contamination detected in aquatic systems, soils, wildlife, and even human tissues. Despite growing concerns, research efforts have largely focused on model systems or localized studies, often yielding highly variable results due to seasonal fluctuations, differing sampling methodologies, and site-specific conditions. This variability complicates the assessment of contamination levels and hinders the development of effective mitigation strategies.

Our study provides a comprehensive evaluation of micro- and nanoplastic pollution in the freshwater systems of the Carpathian Basin, a region of significant ecological and economic importance in Central Europe. By analyzing water samples from multiple rivers across different seasons, we aim to establish a clearer understanding of contamination ranges, identify key sources, and assess spatial and temporal trends. Additionally, we evaluate the potential ecological and human health risks associated with plastic pollution in these waters.

Beyond environmental monitoring, this study also reviews policy and management solutions that could mitigate plastic pollution in the region. We discuss the effectiveness of existing regulatory frameworks, explore innovative waste management strategies, and highlight the need for regional cooperation to address transboundary contamination. By integrating scientific data with policy analysis, this work seeks to contribute to more informed decision-making and sustainable water resource management in the Carpathian Basin and beyond.