Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and their various nanocomposites have emerged as powerful tools for environmental protection, particularly in water purification, air quality improvement, and pollutant degradation. These materials demonstrate exceptional adsorption capabilities for pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and dyes in wastewater treatment, as well as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and toxic gases in air purification. Our research specifically focuses on the application of Zn-MOF composites for wastewater remediation, investigating their adsorption efficiency and photocatalytic performance in removing hazardous contaminants. Through adsorption experiments and spectroscopic analysis, it was observed that Zn-MOF composites achieved a high removal efficiency for lead (Pb(II)) ions and for cadmium (Cd(II)) from industrial wastewater, outperforming conventional adsorbents. Additionally, ZIF-67 exhibited a high efficiency in relation to microplastic removal, while Ag@ZIF-8 composites demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, making them ideal for water disinfection applications. Furthermore, UiO-66 was effective in adsorbing organic pollutants and heavy metals, confirming its potential in large-scale wastewater treatment. Beyond water treatment, our study also explores MIL-101 for toxic gas sequestration, particularly CO₂ and SO₂ capture, contributing to industrial air purification efforts. These findings underscore the versatility and efficiency of MOF-based nanomaterials in environmental remediation, paving the way for scalable and sustainable solutions. While challenges remain in terms of cost-effectiveness and long-term stability, continued research on MOF optimization and functionalization will enhance their applicability in real-world environmental challenges