Background: Natural products remain a cornerstone of drug discovery, yet their pharmacological translation is often hindered by incomplete understanding of bioactive metabolites. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is traditionally recognized for its anticancer potential, primarily attributed to nimbolide and gedunin. However, a comprehensive omics-driven approach is required to systematically map its pharmacological relevance.
Methods: Fresh Neem leaves were extracted in 80% methanol and analyzed using an untargeted metabolomics workflow integrating UPLC-QTOF-MS and ^1H-NMR. Metabolite annotation was achieved through HMDB, METLIN, and GNPS databases, followed by multivariate statistical analysis (PCA, PLS-DA) to distinguish bioactive metabolite clusters. In silico network pharmacology (STRING, STITCH) was applied to link candidate metabolites with cancer-related signaling pathways. Cytotoxic validation was performed on breast cancer (MCF-7, 4T1) and lung cancer (A549) cell lines.
Results: A total of 246 unique metabolites were identified, including triterpenoids, flavonoids, limonoids, and alkaloids. Metabolomics revealed distinct enrichment of nimbolide, salannin, and quercetin derivatives associated with apoptosis and redox modulation. Pathway mapping highlighted PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, and p53 signaling as major molecular targets. In vitro validation showed potent cytotoxicity of nimbolide-rich fractions (IC50: 5.2 µM in MCF-7), correlating with elevated caspase-3 activity and ROS generation. Integrative analysis indicated strong synergy between limonoids and flavonoids, suggesting metabolite-metabolite interactions as drivers of efficacy.
Conclusion: Metabolomics provides a powerful systems-level framework to deconvolute the chemical complexity of Neem and accelerate the identification of pharmacologically relevant leads. By integrating omics profiling with functional assays, this study establishes Neem as a rich reservoir of candidate molecules for anticancer drug development. Future directions include clinical metabolomics and precision formulation of Neem-derived nanomedicines.
