Nitroaromatic compounds, such as 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB), are widely used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives, and pesticides and are frequently detected as persistent pollutants in industrial wastewater. DNB is classified as a toxic and potentially carcinogenic compound; it can be absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact and is known to affect the central nervous system. Due to its stability in aqueous media and resistance to biodegradation, DNB poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health, emphasizing the need for sensitive and efficient detection methods.

In this study, we report a fast, simple, and low-cost synthesis of a bimetallic CuAg/rGO (copper–silver on reduced graphene oxide) nanocomposite intended for the electrochemical detection of DNB in water samples. Material characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confirming the formation of Cu and Ag nanoparticles homogeneously distributed over the rGO surface and embedded within its layered structure.

The electrochemical activity of a glassy carbon electrode modified with CuAg/rGO was examined by CV. The modified electrode exhibited a distinct reduction peak for DNB at ~ –0.6 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 2.21 µM within a linear range of 0–50 µM.

These results demonstrate that the CuAg/rGO-modified electrode provides a promising low cost and efficient electrochemical sensing platform for the rapid detection of nitroaromatic pollutants, with potential application in routine environmental monitoring.