INTRODUCTION :

This self-developed initiative introduces SMABS (Smart Modular Agro-Bot Swarm)—a cutting-edge solution designed to revolutionize agricultural practices in developing regions. SMABS consists of compact, modular, solar-powered robotic units utilizing a hybrid energy system that combines biofuel with lithium-ion batteries for sustainable and uninterrupted operation. It addresses key agricultural challenges, including labor shortages, escalating production costs, and inefficient agro-input management.

METHODS:
SMABS functions through a decentralized, intelligent network where each robot communicates and collaborates using AI-based decision-making algorithms and real-time environmental sensors. Inspired by the swarm behavior of ants and bees, the system dynamically allocates tasks based on real-time field data. The project followed a multi-phase methodology comprising advanced digital prototyping, hardware–software integration, extensive field trials across diverse farm scales, and iterative refinement based on continuous farmer feedback. To ensure local adaptability, a Bengali and English voice-command interface and user-friendly DIY repair manuals were developed, enabling effective adoption by rural farming communities. The total estimated cost of SMABS (in USD) is approximately USD 4,000 (based on USD 1= BDT 120). This includes solar panels, robot hardware, and tools, sensors, AI-boards, batteries, software development, expert salaries, testing, promotion, and backup. With a dedicated team and consistent funding, the full system can be launched in under 8 months. One robot is needed for 0.05 ha-0.10 ha of land. Two to three robots are needed for 0.20 ha-1.0 ha of land. Three to five robots are needed for 1.0 ha-2.0 ha of land. Five to eight robots are needed for 2.0 ha-3.0 ha, while 10+ robots are needed for bigger lands.

RESULTS:

Field evaluations demonstrate that SMABS effectively performs a wide array of tasks including precision planting, targeted weeding, pest scouting, calibrated spraying, early disease detection with immediate responses, efficient harvesting, and continuous monitoring of soil and crop health. These trials revealed substantial gains in operational efficiency, reduced agrochemical usage, and improved resource management. The modular design ensures seamless scalability, making it suitable for both smallholder plots and large-scale farming operations.

CONCLUSION:
SMABS represents a paradigm shift in precision and decentralized agriculture, merging robotics, renewable energy, and AI to create a robust and scalable solution. It enhances farm productivity, promotes sustainability, and contributes meaningfully to global food security efforts. By empowering farmers with accessible, intelligent tools, SMABS sets a new benchmark for future-ready agriculture in resource-constrained regions.