The sensory quality of fermented foods and beverages is profoundly influenced by microbial metabolism, which generates a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds responsible for color, taste, and aroma. This study explores the dynamic relationship between microbial activity and sensory outcomes, with a particular focus on fermentation-induced modulation of color and taste attributes. Using selected strains of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, we investigated their role in pigment biotransformation, organic acid production, and the generation of volatile flavor compounds during the fermentation of plant-based substrates. Advanced analytical techniques, including HPLC, GC-MS, and sensory panel evaluations, revealed that specific microbial consortia enhanced desirable color intensities through increased pigment stability and biosynthesis of anthocyanin derivatives. Simultaneously, microbial metabolism significantly influenced taste profiles by altering acidification rates, sugar consumption patterns, and the production of esters, aldehydes, and other flavor-active molecules. Our findings establish clear microbial–sensory linkages, demonstrating that targeted selection and optimization of microbial communities can fine-tune the color vibrancy and taste complexity of fermented products. This research highlights the potential for precision fermentation to develop innovative foods with tailored sensory properties, aligning consumer preferences with scientific advancements in fermentation biotechnology.